Wrightsman's Psychology and the Legal System 8th Edition by Edith Greene - Test Bank
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Wrightsman's Psychology and the Legal System 8th Edition by Edith Greene - Test Bank

Wrightsman's Psychology and the Legal System 8th Edition by Edith Greene - Test Bank   Instant Download - Complete Test Bank With Answers     Sample Questions Are Posted Below   Chapter 6 Psychology of Victims of Crime and Violence Questions for Class Discussion and/or Essay Examinations 1.  Why do people sometimes blame victims for …

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Wrightsman’s Psychology and the Legal System 8th Edition by Edith Greene – Test Bank

 

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Chapter 6
Psychology of Victims of Crime and Violence
Questions for Class Discussion and/or Essay Examinations
1.  Why do people sometimes blame victims for their plight, and what might this blame do to the tendency to help those victims? (Perception of Those Who Experience Crime and/or Violence)
2. Provide information regarding the Matthew Shepard case. Comment on the proliferation of hate crime legislation. (Types of Victims)
3. Discuss the results of recent studies looking at the rates of bullying and harassment suffered by students ages 13 to 18. What are some different forms of bullying? Include cyberbullying in your discussion.  (Types of Victims)
4.  Discuss the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. What are the two main findings of this study? (Adversity and Trauma in Childhood)
5.  Summarize Widom’s research regarding abused and neglected children. (Adversity and Trauma in Childhood)
6. What are some of the factors affecting the growth of victims’ rights awareness and the victims’ rights movement? What are three main issues addressed in the psychological research pertaining to crime victims? (Violence, Crime, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder)
7. Define posttraumatic stress disorder and list its symptoms. (Violence, Crime, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder)
8. How common is posttraumatic stress disorder? Do veterans experience PTSD more than the general population? What percentage of women experience PTSD? (Violence, Crime, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder)
9. What are some of the risk factors associated with the development of PTSD? (Violence, Crime, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder)
10.  According to Chapter 6, what might help to prevent posttraumatic stress disorder?  (Violence, Crime, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder)
11.  Describe the elements present in Edna Foa’s four session PTSD prevention course. (Violence, Crime, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder)
12. Discuss the relationship between early traumatic events and antisocial behavior and criminal offending in youth. (Violence, Crime, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder)
13. Discuss the different prevalence rates of spousal and intimate partner physical abuse and violence. (Violence, Crime, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder)
14.  What are some of the myths held regarding battered women? (Violence, Crime, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder)
15.  Chapter 6 reviews research on views of domestic violence in Singapore and Israel. Summarize these views. (Violence, Crime, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder)
16.  What are the main risk factors of battering?  (Violence, Crime, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder)
17.  Waltz et al. (2000) found three distinct types of batterers in their research. What were the major differences between these three types? (Violence, Crime, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder)
18. What are the three stages common to the batterer’s cycle of violence? (Violence, Crime, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder)
19.  Chapter 6 notes that as many as 40% of all batterers have the features of borderline personality disorder. Describe this disorder and the hypothesized reason that this disorder is present in these batterers. (Violence, Crime, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder)
20. What are the components of the battered woman syndrome? (Violence, Crime, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder)
21. How have claims of battered woman syndrome fared in court? Discuss self defense in the context of battered woman syndrome. (Violence, Crime, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder)
22. Describe the rape myths and stereotypes discussed in Chapter 6. (The Psychology of Rape)
23. What accounts for stereotypes and myths about rape? (The Psychology of Rape)
24. According to Chapter 6, what are the factors that Feild finds to be influential in people’s attitudes toward rape? What kinds of characteristics are seen in persons who are more tolerant of rape? (The Psychology of Rape)
25.  How prevalent is rape in the U.S.? Cite statistics from the FBI, the National Women’s Study, and the 2010 National Criminal Victimization Survey. (The Psychology of Rape)
26. What four factors are typically mentioned in typologies of rapists? What are Ellis’ three theories of rape? (The Psychology of Rape)
27. Why do so many rapes go unreported? What steps do you think could be taken that would encourage women to report a greater percentage of rapes? (The Psychology of Rape)
28. Many typologies have emphasized four factors that distinguish different types of rapists. What are these factors? (The Psychology of Rape)
29. Discuss the prevalence of acquaintance rape and date rape. (The Psychology of Rape)
30. How do date rapes tend to differ from sexual assault by a stranger? (The Psychology of Rape)
31. Discuss the three kinds of reactions that are involved in the rape trauma syndrome? Do courts allow testimony on the rape trauma syndrome? (The Psychology of Rape)
32. Discuss how the impact of rape changes over time and the different phases of a victim’s response to being raped. (The Psychology of Rape)
33. Discuss the long term consequences for rape. What are some useful interventions for this kind of trauma? (The Psychology of Rape)
34. Describe the two main strategies for reducing and preventing rape. Discuss the possibility of training potential victims to reduce the risk of rape and the different treatments for rapists. (The Psychology of Rape)
35. What does the treatment of rapists involve? Are these treatments effective? ( The Psychology of Rape)
36. Provide information on the prevalence rates for sexual harassment of women and men. (Sexual Harassment)
37. How does U.S. federal law define harassment? (Sexual Harassment)
38. How do psychologists study the way individuals define sexual harassment? How do methodological variations tend to affect results? (Sexual Harassment)
39. What kinds of behaviors do people find to constitute sexual harassment? Differentiate between hostile sexism and benevolent sexism. What role does status play? (Sexual Harassment)
40.  The courts have recognized two types of sexual harassment: quid pro quo and hostile workplace harassment. Define these types of harassment. (Sexual Harassment)
41. Provide details regarding the case of Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc. (1993). (Sexual Harassment)
42.  Should sexual harassment be viewed from the perspective of the “reasonable woman” or the “reasonable person” standard? According to Chapter 6, what are the arguments relevant to this issue that should be considered? (Sexual Harassment)
43. What kinds of men are more likely to engage in sexual harassment behaviors? (Sexual Harassment)
44.  What types of harassment claims are more likely to be resolved in favor of the complainant? (Sexual Harassment)
45. Define abuse excuse. (Sexual Harassment)
Suggested Activities
Class Discussion and Debate
1. Discussion: Provide the class with different vignettes describing victims of different crimes. Have students discuss their opinions about and reaction to these victims. Discuss the concept of “blaming the victim.”
2. Debate: Hate Crimes: Should an offense be considered worse or have a worse punishment because it was directed toward a certain member of a certain group or demographic?
3. Discussion: Discuss the different kinds of bullying experienced by children, including cyberbullying. Discuss recent real life occurrences of this phenomenon and explain how advances in technology have led to an increase in this kind of bullying. What are steps that could be taken to prevent bullying or to address the different kinds of bullying as they arise?
4. Discussion: What is the relationship between early traumatic experiences and physical and emotional health outcomes in adults? What is the relationship between childhood abuse and/or neglect and criminal offending and arrests?
5. Discussion: What are some of the developments that reflect the growth of the victims’ rights movement and increased awareness of the experiences of victims?
6. Discussion: Discuss Foa’s PTSD prevention course. How effective has this approach been?
7. Discussion: Battered Woman Syndrome: What are the myths and the facts? Have students earn points by correctly answering questions about battered woman syndrome, the causes of battering, the cycle of violence, and responses to victims of battering.
8. Discussion/Debate: What are the elements of battered woman syndrome?  What are students’ positions with respect to this defense?
9. Discussion: Just how much responsibility should a woman take for her own safety? That’s a question some have asked in response to the creation of the Rapex, a female “condom” lined with rows of plastic spikes on its inner surface. The Rapex was created by South African Sonette Ehlers, in response to her country’s high rape rate. This condom would be inserted with an applicator anytime the woman feels she is in danger of sexual assault. The spikes are designed both to end the assault and provide physical evidence of the attack because they fix themselves onto the attacker’s penis and cause superficial damage. Visit http://www.zazzle.com/rapexsa to learn more.
10. Discussion: How much resistance is necessary for an act of sexual intercourse to be considered rape? Have the class develop a “continuum of resistance,” generating examples for different points along the continuum. How does verbal resistance compare with physical resistance?
11. Discussion: In January of 2003, the California Supreme Court made an important decision concerning the rape laws in that state. In People v. John Z. (2003), the Court ruled that the defendant must cease intercourse once consent is withdrawn and the intercourse that continues after the withdrawal of consent is considered rape. What do students think about this law?
12. Discussion: Is it appropriate to substitute chemical castration for prison time?
13. Discussion: What are some of the myths of rape? Who is more likely to believe these myths?
14. Discussion: What is the prevalence of rape in the United States?  In Europe?  In Asia?
15. Discussion: How many sexual assaults are committed by an individual known to the victim? What do we know about date rape and perpetrators of this kind of rape?
16. Discussion: What might a rape prevention program look like? Have students discuss how they would design and implement such programs.
17. Discussion: What are some recent high profile cases of sexual harassment? What does sexual harassment mean under federal law? How difficult to prove are these claims?
18. Discussion: What are students’ opinions about behavior that constitutes sexual harassment? Give examples of quid pro quo harassment and hostile workplace harassment.
Research Activities and Writing Assignments
1. Survey: As Chapter 6 notes, if people blame the victim for his or her own fate, we’ll potentially feel less obligated to help that victim. The following measures are pertinent to this discussion. Administer The Just World Scale to measure how much an individual believes in a just world. This type of belief is often related to the amount of blame placed on a victim (i.e., the person must have deserved what happened to them—if we believe this, we are potentially less afraid for ourselves). Another option is to give a survey to assess Beliefs in Fate. Respondents’ views about a just world and fate will potentially be related to their views about the plight of victims. A third option is to take the survey entitled Victim-Blaming/Society-Blaming. All of these surveys are available in Wrightsman, Batson, and Edkins (2004). Measures of legal attitudes. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth (pp. 37-40; 41-45; 173-175 respectively).
2. Research Activity/Writing Assignment: Have students research recent high profile cases of bullying. How many cases of bullying resulted in serious mental distress or harm, such as suicide? What factors were present in these cases? How were these cases handled by the law? Who are more likely to be bullies? Victims of bullying?
3. Research Activity: Have students review the literature on the effects of childhood trauma and early victimization on health outcomes in adulthood and life. Have students choose and present an article or study on this issue.
4. Research Assignment: Have students research the prevalence of PTSD in the U.S. and different parts of the country, as well as special populations including military personnel, law enforcement, criminal offenders/inmates, victims of rape and/or assault.
5. Survey: Have students construct a survey about the myths and facts about battering and rape and administer this survey to members of their community and other students. What are public opinions about these issues? How educated are individuals about these issues? Discuss the results in class.
6. Survey and Experimentation: Students can take a survey to assess attitudes toward spouse abuse and battered women provided in Wrightsman, Batson, and Edkins (2004). Measures of legal attitudes. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth (pp. 95-99). The scale entitled Court Attitudes Scale measures beliefs about the nature of domestic violence toward women. To examine the relationship between these views and verdicts in related cases, you may wish to have students complete this scale and render verdicts in cases in which a woman claims the battered woman defense. The above named source provides 8 scenarios (pp. 100-107) which vary in terms of frequency of abuse (prolonged, occurred once), status of woman (had independent resources, did not have independent resources), and danger in relationship (husband had threatened murder, husband had not threatened murder).
7. Survey: Students can take the Rape Myth Acceptance Scale provided in Wrightsman, Batson, and Edkins (2004). Measures of legal attitudes. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth (pp. 115-117).
8. Survey: Students can take the Rape Empathy Scale provided in Wrightsman, Batson, and Edkins (2004). Measures of legal attitudes. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth (pp. 109-113).
9. Research Assignment: Have a student do research on the rape kit. What precautions are taken to assure the victim of her safety and emotional security? What types of evidence obtained are relevant to a trial? (See the Suggested Websites section for more on rape kits.)
10. Assignment: Ask students to review the rape/sexual assault laws in your state. Have there been any recent changes?
11. Assignment: Interview both a defense attorney and a prosecuting attorney on how they present a rape case in court.
12. Assignment: Have students observe a rape trial. Is an expert witness used? What type of eye contact did the victim show toward the defendant? What types of evidence were used? What was the outcome of the trial?
13. Assignment: What, specifically, is the rape shield law in your state? Interview a
         prosecutor about how effective it is.
14. Assignment: Have students research the different kinds of specialized treatment approaches available and used with sexual offenders and rapists. What treatments have been found to be effective?
15. Assignment: Have students research the different resources available for victims of rape and sexual assault in their area. What are students’ impressions of these resources? Are they sufficient? Lacking?
16. Survey: Conduct a community survey to investigate community views of various excuse defenses (see Dershowitz’s book on The Abuse Excuse cited in Suggested Readings for a list of excuses).
17. Assignment: Have students obtain the Supreme Court decisions relevant to defining sexual harassment (e.g., Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson (1986) and Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc. (1993)) and report on them to class.
18.  Assignment: Have students review the literature and choose one or two recent cases
       of sexual harassment to discuss. Have students review the facts and issues presented
       in each case, as well as the case outcome and their opinion on the result.
Class Speakers/Guest Lecturers
1. Speaker: Invite a representative from a women’s shelter to class to speak about battered women.
2. Speaker: Have a representative from a rape crisis center come to class (go to http://www.rainn.org/ to search for crisis center facilities in your area) and discuss issues about rape.
3.      Speaker: Invite an attorney or attorneys who have litigated sexual harassment
         claims speak to the class about their experiences. What kinds of cases are most
         common? What kinds of evidence are most persuasive?
4.        Speaker: Invite a professor or researcher with experience in the area of bullying
           and the effects of early victimization on mental health and outcomes to come and
           speak to the class.
Media Activities
1. Video (VHS/DVD): Cyberbullies. This 19 minute video from 2006 provides warning signs and dramatizations. Go to http://ffh.films.com/ or call 1-800-257-5126 to order this program.
2. Video (VHS/DVD): Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: When the Memories Won’t Go Away (2000). This 53 minute program includes stories of those who suffer from PTSD because of a variety of reasons (e.g., spouse abuse). Go to http://ffh.films.com/ or call 1-800-257-5126 to order this program.
3. Video (VHS/DVD): PTSD: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (2007). Focuses on PTSD in veterans. Go to http://ffh.films.com/ or call 1-800-257-5126 to order this 24 minute program.
4. Video (VHS): Watch Battered Women: Under Siege (1996), a CBS News video in which battered women discuss their experiences and try to answer the question: Why do you stay? Go to http://ffh.films.com/ or call 1-800-257-5126 to order this 45 minute program.
5. Video (VHS/DVD): Battered Women: Fighting Back (1996). This CBS News program examines the issue of the battered woman syndrome in the courtroom. Go to http://ffh.films.com/ or call 1-800-257-5126 to order this 45 minute program.
6. Video (VHS/DVD): View Family Violence: Breaking the Chain, a program that looks at the effects of family violence. Considers the respective topics of the cycle of violence (e.g., will abused children become abusers?) and date violence. Call 1-800-257-5126 or visit http://ffh.films.com/ to order this 28 minute video/DVD.
7. Video (VHS/DVD): Domestic Violence: ‘Til Death Do Us Part (1995). This program tells the story of a victim of domestic abuse. Go to http://ffh.films.com/ or call 1-800-257-5126 to order this 20 minute program.
8. Video (VHS/DVD): Stemming Violence and Abuse (1998). This program includes information on Lenore Walker’s cycle of violence theory, date rape, and sexual harassment. Go to http://ffh.films.com/ or call 1-800-257-5126 to order this 29 minute program.
9. Video (VHS/DVD): Rape in a Small Town: The Florence Holway Story (2003) is a 73 minute HBO production that tells the story of a victimized woman who fought back. Seventy-six year old Holway was raped, beaten and sodomized by a young attacker.  John LaForest was later convicted, but a technicality led to a plea bargain that was accepted without Holway’s consent. Holway was outraged by what she saw as a miscarriage of justice; she took her case to the media, and was able to get tougher rape legislation to be enacted. In this film, 89-year-old Holway tells the story of her ordeal and her continuing efforts to keep LaForest in prison. Go to http://ffh.films.com/ or call 1-800-257-5126 to order this program.
10. Video (DVD): Portraits in Human Sexuality: Nonconsensual Sexuality (2006). This 40 minute program profiles a woman who had been raped. Also considers rehabilitation for sexual offenders. Go to http://ffh.films.com/ or call 1-800-257-5126 to order this program.
11. Video (VHS/DVD): Rape: The Ultimate Violation (1997). This 45 minute CBS News program looks at rape from four different angles: a case study of a rapist who stalks single mothers, the concern about AIDS and the rapists’ right to privacy, a rehabilitation program for serial rapists, and the use of DNA to establish paternity in a rape case. Go to http://ffh.films.com/ or call 1-800-257-5126 to order this program.
12. Video (DVD): Acquaintance Rape: The Ultimate Betrayal (2002). This program presents three cases of acquaintance rape.
13. Video (DVD): Date Rape: A Violation of Trust (2008). This 28 minute program tries to eliminate any confusion surrounding the concept of date rape. Includes interviews with rape survivors and mental health professionals. Go to http://ffh.films.com/ or call 1-800-257-5126 to order this program.
14. CD-ROM: When No Means No: The Date Rape CD-ROM. This multimedia Windows CD explores the issue of date rape. Provides students with video clips and then asks them questions. Reviews information if the question is answered incorrectly. Go to http://ffh.films.com/ or call 1-800-257-5126 to order.
15. Video (VHS/DVD): A Journey Back: From Rape to Healing (1999). A rape victim talks with ABC News anchor Ted Koppel about her assault and her recovery. Go to http://ffh.films.com/ or call 1-800-257-5126 to order this program.
16. Video (VHS/DVD): Sexual Assault. This 19 minute program looks at the hospital protocol for taking evidence after someone has been raped. Go to http://ffh.films.com/ or call 1-800-257-5126 to order this program.
17. Video (VHS/DVD): Legal Action: He Said/She Said (2001). Considers how cases of rape and domestic dispute are handled in the courtroom. Go to http://ffh.films.com/ or call 1-800-257-5126 to order this 51 minute program.
18. Video (VHS/DVD): Sexual Harassment Awareness Package. This video explains the different types of sexual harassment and talks about what steps to take if you are being harassed. Go to http://ffh.films.com/ or call 1-800-257-5126 to order this program.
19. Video (VHS/DVD): Stop It! Students Speak Out About Sexual Harassment (1994). This 18 minute video provides the student point of view of sexual harassment. A regional Emmy Award winner. Go to http://ffh.films.com/ or call 1-800-257-5126 to order this program.
20. Video (VHS/DVD): Sexual Harassment (1991). This program uses the EEOC definition of sexual harassment to illustrate the issues of sexual harassment in the workplace. Go to http://ffh.films.com/ or call 1-800-257-5126 to order this program.
21. CD-ROM: Confronting Sexual Harassment: An Interactive Guide. This multimedia Windows CD explores the issue of sexual harassment. Provides students with video clips and then asks them questions. Reviews information if the question is answered incorrectly. Go to http://ffh.films.com/ or call 1-800-257-5126 to order.
22. Video (VHS/DVD): Hill vs. Thomas (1997). This 45 minute CBS News program reviews the case of Hill v. Thomas in which Anita Hill accused Supreme Court Nominee Clarence Thomas of sexual harassment. Go to http://ffh.films.com/ or call 1-800-257-5126 to order.
23. Video (DVD): The film North Country retells the story of Lois Jenson, a woman who endured abuse while working as a miner, and then later won the first major sexual harassment case in the United States — Jenson vs. Eveleth Mines. This DVD is available from www.amazon.com.
24. Video (VHS): Show the 45 minute long video Sexual Harassment Quiz (2nd edition) originally produced from PBS Video. This video provides a set of 15 scenarios involving behaviors that occur in the context of an office setting. Individuals are asked to judge each scenario on the degree to which they believe them to be considered sexual harassment or not. An attorney then reviews each scenario with a studio audience, explaining which are sexual harassment and why. Call Enterprise Media at 1-800-423-6021 to order or visit http://www.enterprisemedia.com.
Suggested Readings
1. Cyberstalking was mentioned in Chapter 6 as a technique currently used by
some sexual predators to target victims. Read the sources mentioned below for
more information.
Eichenwald, K. (December 19, 2005). Through his webcam, a boy joins a sordid
online world. The New York Times, A1.
Wolak, J., Finkelhor, D., Mitchell, K. J., & Ybarra, M. L. (2008). Online ‘predators’
and their victims: Myths, realities, and implications for prevention and
treatment. American Psychologist, 63, 111-128.
Howitt, D., & Sheldon, K. (2007). Sex offenders and the internet. New York:
Wiley.
2. Schwartz, M. (2008, August 3). The trolls among us. The New York Times,
Retrieved on November 15, 2009 from http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/03/magazine/03trolls-t.html?scp=2&sq=trolls%20and%20schwartz&st=cse
Description: A new kind of victim has emerged as a result of the Internet. A very worthwhile read.
Also see the following for another kind of victimization that is now possible because of the Internet:
Mother finds own child for sale online: Officials investigate apparent adoption
scam. (2009, August 1). Retrieved from TheBostonChannel.com on November
15, 2009 from http://www.thebostonchannel.com/news/20247430/detail.html
A variety of articles have recently addressed the issue of cyberbullying:
         Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J. W. (2011). Cyberbullying: A review of the legal issues
facing educators. Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 55(2), 71-78.
         Patchin, J. W. & Hinduja, S. (2010). Cyberbullying and self-esteem. Journal of
               School Health, 80(12), 614-621.
         Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J. W. (2010). Bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide. Archives
               of Suicide Research, 14(3), 206-221.
         Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J. W. (2008). Cyberbullying: An exploratory analysis of
               factors related to offending and victimization. Deviant Behavior, 29(2), 129-
               156.
         Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J. W. (2007). Offline consequences of online victimization:
               School violence and delinquency. Journal of School Violence, 6(3), 89-112.
3.      Bullying in schools has gained much publicity in recent years due to increased
         incidents and the growing number of children being harmed by bullying.  For recent
         articles addressing the effects of bullying, see:
         Goodemann, C., Zammitt, K. A., & Hagedorn, M. (2012). The wolf in sheep’s
clothing: Student harassment veiled as bullying. Children & Schools, 34(2),
124-127.
Jordan, K., & Austin, J. (2012). A review of the literature on bullying in U.S.
      schools and how a parent–educator partnership can be an effective way to
      handle bullying. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 21(4), 440-
      458.
Hampel, P., Manhal, S., & Hayer, T. (2009). Direct and relational bullying among
      children and adolescents: Coping and psychological adjustment. School
      Psychology International, 30(5), 474-490.
4. Wemmers, J. A., & Cyr, K. (2005). Can mediation be therapeutic for crime victims?
An evaluation of victims’ experiences in mediation with young offenders.
Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 47, 527-544.
Description: As Chapter 6 has suggested, in recent years, the justice system has increased its focus on victims. In this study, the authors examine how victim-offender mediation affected victims. Victims were found to be fearful at first, but a majority of the victims felt that their participation in the program had helped them put their victimization behind them.
5. Phillips, A. K. (1997). Thou shalt not kill any nice people: The problem of victim
impact statements in capital sentencing. American Criminal Law Review,
35, 93-118.
Description: As Chapter 6 notes, victims now have expanded opportunities to participate in trials through victim impact statements. In fact, almost all states that impose the death penalty allow victim impact statements in such cases. Phillips argues that these statements suggest to juries that they should impose the death penalty based on the perceived worth of the victim and that this is an inappropriate conclusion. What do students think?
6. Widom, C. S., Czaja, S. J., Dutton, M. A. (2008). Childhood victimization and
lifetime revictimization. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32, 785-796.
Description: The authors examine whether there are differences in rates of (re)victimization as a function of gender, race, ethnicity and type of childhood abuse.
7. A 2003 issue of Psychological Science in the Public Interest (Volume 4, number 2) is entirely devoted to the issue of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Among the topics covered are risk factors for PTSD and recent recommendations for crisis intervention.
8. Foa, E. B., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2001). Treating the trauma of rape: Cognitive-
behavioral therapy for PTSD. New York: Guilford Press.
Description: The authors review the research on the psychopathology and treatment for rape-related posttraumatic stress disorder and provide explicit details on how to conduct this treatment.
Also see:
Treadwell, K., & Foa, E. (2004). Assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder. In W.
T. O’Donohue & E. R. Levensky (Eds.), Handbook of forensic psychology:
Resource for mental health and legal professionals (pp. 347-366). San Diego:
Elsevier.
Description: Treadwell and Foa’s discussion includes coverage of the methods of assessment for posttraumatic stress disorder (self-monitoring, clinical interviews and standardized measures).
9. Hines, D. A., & Malley-Morrison, K. (2005). Family violence in the United States:
Defining, understanding, and combating abuse. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Publications.
Description: Covers both “wife” and “husband” abuse from both a physical and psychological standpoint. Includes lists of predictors, and discusses prevention and intervention.
10. Logan, T. K., Walker, R., Jordan, C. E., & Leukefeld, C. G. (2006). Women and
victimization: Contributing factors, interventions, and implications.
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Description: These authors cover the topic of violence against adult women (both partner violence and sexual assault by any perpetrator).
11. Goldfarb, P. (2005). Intimacy and injury: Legal interventions for battered women.
In A. Barnes (Ed.), The handbook of women, psychology, and the law (pp. 212-264). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Description: Discusses battered woman syndrome as well as problems in the representation of battered women as defendants. Also covers the nationwide emergence of clemency projects designed to seek reductions in the penalties that battered women have suffered after conviction.
12. Follingstad, D. (2003). Battered woman syndrome in the courts. In A. M. Goldstein
(Ed.). Handbook of psychology, Vol. 11, Forensic psychology. New York: John
Wiley & Sons, pp. 485-507.
13. For more on sex offenders see:
Stinson, J. A., Sales, B. D., & Becker, J. D. (2008). Sex offending: Causal theories
to inform research, prevention, and treatment. Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association.
A 1998 issue of Psychology, Public Policy, and Law (Volume 4, number 1/2) is devoted to the topic of Sex Offenders: Scientific, Legal, and Policy Perspectives. Covered issues include risk assessment, treatment and prevention.
La Fond, J. Q. (2005). Preventing sexual violence: How society should cope with
sex offenders. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Description: Topics covered include the treatment of sex offenders (e.g., chemical castration).
Lalumière, M. L., Harris, G. T., Quinsey, V. L. & Rice, M. E. (2005). The causes of
rape: Understanding individual differences in male propensity for sexual
aggression. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Description: These authors cover several of the topics reviewed in Chapter 13 including the treatment of rapists.
14. For more on sexual assault, see the following:
Minow, J. C., Einolf, C. J. (2009). Sorority participation and sexual assault risk.
Violence Against Women, 15, 835-851.
Russell, P. L., & Davis, C. (2007). Twenty-five years of empirical research on
treatment following sexual assault. Best Practices in Mental Health: An
International Journal, 3, 21-37.
Campbell, R. (2008). The psychological impact of rape victims. American
Psychologist, 63, 702-717.
Chen, S. (2009, Oct. 15). Raped at 13, victim fights to eliminate rape kit backlog.
Retrieved from CNN on November 18, 2009 from
http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/10/15/rape.kit.backlog/index.html
15. Melli, T. (2003). I am the Central Park jogger: A story of hope and possibility. New
York: Simon and Schuster.
Description: Chapter 6 discusses how attention has recently been focused on the plight of victims of sexual aggression due to some highly publicized cases. The case of the “Central Park Jogger” is one of these cases. In 1989, Trisha Melli was brutally assaulted and raped while jogging in New York’s Central Park. This book is included as a reading for this chapter not because Trisha Melli writes about the crime (she has little memory of it), but because she provides an account of her recovery (recovery from victimization is addressed in Chapter 6).
16. For articles addressing date and acquaintance rape, as well as the issue of victim non-reporting, see:
Koss, M. P. (2011). Hidden, unacknowledged, acquaintance, and date rape:
Looking back, looking forward. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35(2), 348-
354.
         Koss, M. P. (1985). The hidden rape victim: Personality, attitudinal, and situational
characteristics. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 9(2), 193-212.
         Koss, M. P., Dinero, T. E., Seibel, C. A., & Cox, S. L. (1988). Stranger and
acquaintance rape: Are there differences in the victim’s experience? Psychology
of Women Quarterly, 12(1), 1-24.
Heath, N. M., Lynch, S. M., Fritch, A. M., McArthur, L. N., & Smith, S. L. (2011).
Silent survivors: Rape myth acceptance in incarcerated women’s narratives of
disclosure and reporting of rape. Psychology of Women Quarterly 35,(4), 596-
610.
17. Hilton, N. Z., Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E., (2010). Risk assessment for domestically
violent men: Tools for criminal justice, offender intervention and victim
services. Washington: American Psychological Association.
Description: These authors encourage the use of actuarial risk assessments to predict recidivism in male domestic violence offenders. The book includes case examples and information on how to use the assessments.
18. For more on the topic of sexual harassment, see the following:
Nielsen, M. B., & Einarsen, S. (2012). Prospective relationships between workplace
sexual harassment and psychological distress. Occupational Medicine, 62(3),
226-228.
Description: This study examined the relationship between sexual harassment and long term effects on mental health in both women and men. Results suggest that women experienced psychological distress at short and long-term follow-up periods after experiencing sexual harassment.
Greathouse, S. M., Levett, L. M., & Kovera, M. B. (2009). Sexual harassment:
Antecedents, consequences, and juror decisions. In D. A. Krauss and J. D.
Lieberman’s (Eds.). Psychological expertise in court: Psychology in the
courtroom, Vol. 2. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing.
Rospenda, K. M., Richman, J. A., & Shannon, C. A. (2009). Prevalence and mental
health correlates of harassment and discrimination in the workplace: Results
from a national study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24, 819-843.
A 2004 issue of Law and Human Behavior (Volume 28, number 1) presents research on Psychology, Law and the Workplace; a majority of these articles address sexual harassment issues.
Also see a 1999 issue of Psychology, Public Policy, and Law (Volume 5, number 3) for more on sexual harassment research.
Foote, W. E., & Goodman-Delahunty, J. (2005). Evaluating sexual harassment:
Psychological, social, and legal considerations in forensic examinations.
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Description: Provides information regarding case law and current research in sexual harassment.  Includes chapters on assessing liability and evaluating damages.
Vasquez, M. J. T., Baker, N. L., & Shullman, S. L. (2003). Assessing employment
discrimination and harassment. In A. M. Goldstein (Ed.). Handbook of
psychology, Vol. 11, Forensic psychology. New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp.
259-277.
Description: Reviews the legal foundation for discrimination complaints as well as the psychological literature on discrimination and harassment.
Bingham, C., & Gansier, L. L. (2003). Class action: The story of Lois Jenson and
the landmark case that changed sexual harassment law. New York: Anchor
Press.
Description: Tells the story of 25-year-old Lois Jenson, who endured sexual harassment in the iron mines of Minnesota, and later filed and won the first class-action sexual harassment lawsuit, Jenson v. Eveleth Mines.
Juliano, A., & Schwab, S. J. (2000-2001). Sweep of sexual harassment cases.
Cornell Law Review, 86, 548-580.
Description: This study examined approximately 650 federal district and appellate cases of sexual harassment in the workplace, the different variables affecting case outcomes and developments in sexual harassment law.
19. Dershowitz, A. M. (1994). The abuse excuse. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
Dershowitz’s position is that the increasing use of abuse excuses is a dangerous trend; a history of abuse should not be seen as a legal license to kill. After an essay on the dangerous nature of these excuses, Dershowitz provides a list of excuses that have been used by defendants and provides details regarding some of the defendants who have used these excuses.
Suggested Websites
1. Go to the Oyez website (www.oyez.org) for more information about the following Supreme Court cases:
Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc. (1993)
Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson (1986)
Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Industries (1998)
2. The National Crime Victimization Survey and other information pertinent to this chapter is available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/.
3. The National Organization for Victim Assistance has a website (http://www.trynova.org/about/victimrights.html) that includes information detailing how to get help after victimization.
4. The Cyberbullying Research Center provides various information on the issue of cyberbullying and latest developments regarding this issue in the United States. See http://www.cyberbullying.us/.
5. The National Institute of Justice provides various information and resources on victims’ rights and data about violence against women and sex crimes and rape. See http://www.nij.gov/topics/victims-victimization/rights.htm.
6. Several websites provide information about and resources for  dealing with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. See
www.ptsd.va.gov/
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd/index.shtml
http://ova.dc.gov/page/national-center-posttraumatic-stress-disorder-fact-sheet
http://www.ptsdinfo.org/
7. The Violence Against Women Office of the Office of Justice Programs, United States Department of Justice was created in 1995 to implement the 1994 Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) and to lead the national effort to stop domestic violence, sexual assault, and stalking. Its website can be found at http://www.usdoj.gov/ovw/ and includes a variety of publications links to many other relevant sites.
8. The National Coalition Against Domestic Violence provides various information, resources and programming on domestic violence, which can be viewed at
http://www.ncadv.org/.  In addition, the National Domestic Violence Hotline and related assistance can be found at http://www.thehotline.org/.
9. The National Institute of Justice has a link to a report entitled Extent, Nature, and Consequences of Rape Victimization: Findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey. Go to http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/210346.htm.
10. Visit http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/rsarp00.pdf
to read the Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics report on Rape and Sexual Assault: Reporting to Police and Medical Attention, 1992-2000. This report presents information on the consequences of rape and sexual assault for female victims. Note that according to this report, most of those who were injured during these crimes did not receive treatment for their injuries and only 36% of these crimes were reported to police.
11. There are many websites devoted to rape/sexual assault. For example, the Santa Monica Rape Treatment Center of the UCLA Medical Center has a website with information on rape, acquaintance rape as well as a section covering rape on a college campus (http://www.911rape.org/). Another site (http://www.rainn.org/) has a sexual assault statistics archive and a database of counseling centers that you can search using a zip code or state.
12. The National Institute of Justice provides various resources and information about victims and perpetrators of rape and sex crimes, including the rates and prevalence of such crimes in certain environments and in certain populations. See http://www.nij.gov/topics/crime/rape-sexual-violence/victims-perpetrators.htm.
13. Visit the website for The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) (http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/sexual_harassment.cfm) for more on sexual harassment. This site includes information regarding trends in harassment charges filed with the EEOC.
14. CNN presents information regarding what is in a rape kit. Just visit  http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/10/15/rape.kit.backlog/index.html#cnnSTCOther1 and click each of the little pictures for more information.
15. For a review and discussion of five recent and highly publicized cases of sexual harassment in the United States see http://www.legalzoom.com/legal-headlines/corporate-lawsuits/five-biggest-sexual-harassment-cases.
Test Bank
Multiple Choice Questions
1. If the cause of someone’s misfortune can be blamed on _____________ attributions, then there is less pressure to help them.
A.dispositional
B.external
C.suppositional
D.integral
Answer: AReference: Perception of Those Who Experience Crime
and/or Violence
2.   Blaming the victim is an example of
A.suppositional attribution.
B.external assignment.
C.dispositional attribution.
D.none of the above
Answer: CReference: Perception of Those Who Experience Crime
and/or Violence
3. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics’ National Crime Victimization Survey in 2008, approximately _____________ criminal victimizations occurred.
A.12 million
B.21 million
C.31 million
D.52 million
Answer: BReference: Types of Victims
4. According to one study, ____________ percent of sampled students reported being harassed in the prior year because of their appearance, race, sexual orientation, disability or religion.
A.45%
B.60%
C.65%
D.90%
Answer: CReference: Types of Victims
5.  Frank is a gay male who has been threatened repeatedly and harassed at his high school. Unfortunately, this type of offense is not uncommon, as LGBT students are ___________________________ to report feeling unsafe at school.
A. 3 times more likely
B.  1.5 times more likely
C.  5 times more likely
D. 2 times more likely
Answer: AReference: Types of Victims
6.  According to information presented in Chapter 6, which of the following is rated more negatively by medical personnel?
A. those with cancer
B. those with diabetes
C. those with heart disease
D. those with AIDS
Answer: DReference: Types of Victims
7. Subtypes of bullying include
A. cyberbullying.
B. social exclusion.
C. spreading rumors.
D. all of the above.
Answer: DReference: Types of Victims
8.  Sexual predators sometimes prowl online chat rooms to find victims. This technique is now referred to as
A.  cyberstalking.
B. computer prowling.
C.  chat room raiding.
D. victim searching.
Answer: AReference: Types of Victims
9. According to Chapter 6, as many as _____________ of rape victims never report their attack to the police.
A.one-quarter
B.one-third
C.one-half
D.two-thirds
Answer: DReference: The Psychology of Rape
10.  Which of the following has occurred and reflects an increase in the attention paid to victims?
A.  Victims now have the opportunity to provide victim impact statements.
B. New organizations have emerged that focus on victims (e.g., National Organization for Victim Assistance).
C.  There is increasing availability of services for crime victims.
D.  A, B, or C
Answer: DReference:  Violence, Crime, and Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder
11. According to the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study, adverse childhood experiences (such as any kind of abuse, having a mentally ill caretaker, having a drug abuser in home, etc.) increase the risk for
A. teen pregnancy.
B. revictimization.
C. relationship instability.
D. all of the above
Answer: DReference: Adversity and Trauma in Childhood
12.  Widom (1989) found that abused or neglected children were
A.  significantly more likely than a comparison group to experience malnutrition.
   B.  significantly more likely than a comparison group to have been arrested for violent crimes later in life.
C.  much more likely to die earlier than those in a comparison group.
D.  much less likely to be bullies than those in a comparison group.
Answer: BReference: Adversity and Trauma in Childhood
13. According to one study, the lifetime prevalence of PTSD in the adult population in the United States is estimated to be _____.
A. 9.7%
B. 6.8%
C. 3.6%
D. none of the above
Answer: BReference: Violence, Crime, and Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder
14. Research suggests that veterans experience significantly higher rates
of PTSD than the general population. For example, a study conducted from 1986-1988
found that _________ of male veterans and ____________ of female veterans reported
experiencing PTSD in their lifetime.
A. 26.9%; 30.9%
B. 30.9%; 26.9%
C. 15.2%; 8.2%
D. 8.2%; 15.2%
Answer: BReference: Violence, Crime, and Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder
15. If someone has trauma-related symptoms (e.g., flashbacks) that last longer than one month, that person would be diagnosed as experiencing
A.posttraumatic stress disorder.
B.borderline personality disorder.
C.chronic stress disorder.
D.acute stress disorder.
Answer: AReference: Violence, Crime, and Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder
16.  Charles has recently come back from the war. While there he was severely injured when a bomb blew up the truck he was in (everyone else in the truck was killed).  Since coming home two months ago, he has been having nightmares and flashbacks where he reexperiences the bombing. He is also easily startled and very anxious. He went to see his doctor and was diagnosed as having
A.  dissociative identity disorder.
B.  a personality disorder.
C.  posttraumatic stress disorder.
D.  acute stress disorder.
Answer: CReference: Violence, Crime, and Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder
17.  Paige was walking home from work about a year ago when she was assaulted. She suffered severe injuries and had to undergo about three months of rehabilitation therapy for her physical injuries. Since the assault, she has been having nightmares and flashbacks where she reexperiences the incident. She is also easily startled and very anxious. She went to see her doctor and was diagnosed as having
A.  dissociative identity disorder.
B.  a personality disorder.
   C. posttraumatic stress disorder.
D. acute stress disorder.
Answer: CReference: Violence, Crime, and Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder
18. Resnick and her colleagues (1993) found, in a sample of females, that _______ of the sample had posttraumatic stress disorder at some time in their lives.
A. 2%
B.12%
C.25%
D.32%
Answer: BReference: Violence, Crime, and Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder
19. The rate of posttraumatic stress disorder in Iraq War veterans has been estimated to be between ________.
A.2% and 4%
B.12% and 20%
C.22% and 30%
D.32% and 40%
Answer: BReference: Violence, Crime, and Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder
20. If someone has trauma-related symptoms (e.g., flashbacks) that last less than one month, that person would be diagnosed as experiencing
A.posttraumatic stress disorder.
B.borderline personality disorder.
C.chronic stress disorder.
D.acute stress disorder.
Answer: DReference: Violence, Crime, and Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder
21. According to Chapter 6, what might others do to help to prevent posttraumatic stress disorder in the victim?
A.  Provide social support immediately following the traumatic event.
B.  Correct the victim’s misconception that the world is a dangerous place from which he or she must retreat.
C.  Correct the victim’s misconception that he or she is helpless in dealing with life’s stressors.
D.  all of the above
Answer: DReference: Violence, Crime, and Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder
22. Foa’s PTSD prevention course provides
A. relaxation skills training
B. psychoeducation about responses to trauma
C. imagery-based exposure
D. all of the above
Answer: DReference: Violence, Crime, and Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder
23. One year prevalence rates for violence against women in the United States have ranged from ___________________ of total violence.
A. .3% to 4%
B. 10% to 15%
C. 8% to 17%
D. 18% to 25%
Answer: CReference: Battered Spouses
24. Which of the following are misconceptions held about battered women?
A.Violence among intimate partners is not common.
B.Battered women provoke the inflicted assaults.
C.Battered women are free to leave these violent relationships any time they want.
D.all of the above
Answer: DReference: Battered Spouses
25. Although batterers come from all walks of life, batterers are more likely to have
A. poor problem-solving and verbal skills
B. a job and higher levels of education
C. used substances later in life
D. none of the above
Answer: AReference: Battered Spouses
26.  Waltz et al.’s (2000) research revealed three distinct types of batterers. What are these three types?
A.  Type I, Type II, Type III
B.  generally violent, psychopathological, and family-only
C.  internally focused, externally focused/family, externally focused/society
D.  psychological, physical, and psychological/physical
Answer: BReference: Battered Spouses
27. Which of the following is not the name of a stage in the batterer’s cycle of violence?
A.tension-building phase
B.contrite phase
C.acute battering incident
D.apology phase
Answer: DReference: Battered Spouses
28. In the cycle of violence that is involved with battering, what stage follows the acute battering incident?
A.tension-building phase
B.tension-reduction phase
C.contrite phase
D.honeymoon phase
Answer: CReference: Battered Spouses
29.  Tom has just thrown his wife to the floor and repeatedly kicked her in the stomach after she fell to the ground. Suddenly he picks her up and cradles her to his body, crying and promising that he will never hurt her again (he’s said that before). According to Chapter 6, what stage of the cycle of violence is Tom now in?
A.  apology phase
B.  penitent phase
C.  regret phase
   D.  contrite phase
Answer: DReference: Battered Spouses
30. Lenore Walker found that the cycle of violence was not experienced by ___________ of the women she studied.
A.one-fourth
B.one-third
C.one-half
D.three-fourths
Answer: BReference: Battered Spouses
31. According to Dutton, 40% of batterers have the features of
A.schizophrenia.
B.dissociative identity disorder.
C.bipolar disorder.
D.borderline personality disorder.
Answer: DReference: Battered Spouses
32. Which of the following has been proposed as a component of the battered woman syndrome?
A.learned helplessness
B.low self-esteem
C.hypervigilance
D.all of the above
Answer: DReference: Battered Spouses
33.  Karen has been repeatedly beaten by her husband Jack. She used to think about leaving him, but now believes that there is nothing she can do to escape. She no longer sees her friends because it has become harder to hide her bruises. On this particular night Karen made her husband dinner but she was a little late getting it on the table, and she sensed his foul mood. When Jack looked at her in that particular way, she knew he was about to hurt her. Using what you know about the battered women syndrome, you could say that Karen is
A. losing her mind.
B. provoking her husband.
   C.  hypervigilant.
D.  A, B, and C
Answer: CReference: Battered Spouses
34. According to Ewing (1987), of 100 women who killed their batterers
A. 85 women went to trial.
B. 65 women were convicted of murder, manslaughter or some kind of criminal homicide.
C. 48 women received a sentence of 10 years or less.
D. all of the above
Answer: DReference: Battered Spouses
35.  A claim of self-defense historically has applied
A. when the victim reasonably believed that he or she was in imminent danger of death or great bodily harm.
B. only when the assailant was armed.
C.  when the victim is actually harmed in the attack.
D.  all of the above
Answer: AReference: Battered Spouses
36.  Which of the following is a myth about rape?
A.  Women cannot be raped against their will.
B.  Women secretly want to get raped.
C.  Most accusations of rape are faked.
    D.  all of the above
Answer: DReference: The Psychology of Rape
37. Of the following, who was not found to be more tolerant of rape?
A.those with traditional beliefs about gender roles
B.those with more adversarial sexual beliefs
C.those that had been raped themselves
D.those with greater needs for power and dominance
Answer: CReference: The Psychology of Rape
38. The FBI estimates there were __________________ reported cases of rape in the United States in 2010.
A. almost 85,000
B. approximately 50,000
C. 115,000
D. almost 33,000
Answer: AReference: The Psychology of Rape
39. The high risk age group(s) for rape victims is/are
A.children and adolescents.
B.young adults (i.e., college age).
C.25 to 30-year-olds.
D.middle-age women.
Answer: AReference: The Psychology of Rape
40.  In the National Women’s Study, researchers obtained data on the frequency of rape by interviewing people over the telephone. Approximately what percentage of women said that they had been a victim of rape or attempted rape?
A. 2%
B. 8%
   C.  17%
D.  26%
Answer: CReference: The Psychology of Rape
41. According to the National Women’s Study, among rape victims, approximately _________ report having been raped prior to the age of 12.
A.5%
B.20%
C.40%
D.50%
Answer: BReference: The Psychology of Rape
42. According to the National Violence Against Women Survey,
A. about 15 million U.S. women have been raped.
B. about 300,000 U.S. women have been raped.
C. about 18 million U.S. women have been raped.
D. none of the above
Answer: CReference: The Psychology of Rape
43. One factor that has been included in the different typologies of rapists is
A. the amount and type of aggression used by the rapist.
B. whether the rapist relied on deviant sexual fantasies.
C. whether increased aggression heightened the rapist’s arousal.
D. all of the above
Answer: DReference: The Psychology of Rape
44. Ellis (1989) identified three theories of rape. Which of the following is not one of these theories?
A.feminist theory
B.domination theory
C.social-learning approach
D.evolutionary theory
Answer: BReference: The Psychology of Rape
45. Approximately what percentage of rapes results in convictions or prison sentences?
A.less than 10%
B.20%-30%
C.35%-45%
D.50%-60%
Answer: AReference: The Psychology of Rape
46. Approximately what percentage of sexual assaults is carried out against victims who know their assailants?
A.25%
B.40%
C.55%
D.70%
Answer: DReference: The Psychology of Rape
47. When comparing rapes committed by persons known to the victim and by strangers to the victim, __________.
A. victims are more likely to report assaults by acquaintances
B. victims are more likely to report assaults by spouses or boyfriends
C. victims are more likely to report assaults by strangers
D. none of the above
Answer: CReference: The Psychology of Rape
48.  Alice is on a date with Sherman, a man she’s been seeing for two weeks. It’s 10:30 p.m.; they have just finished a late dinner, and Sherman has invited her up to his apartment for coffee. Although they have been drinking all evening, Alice agrees to go upstairs. Once there, Sherman grabs a gun, holds it to Alice’s head, and tells her to strip. He then proceeds to rape her. Which of the following details within this situation is unusual for a date rape?
A.  the time of the crime
B. the location of the crime
C. the fact that the victim has been drinking
D.  the fact that the assailant used a weapon
Answer: DReference: The Psychology of Rape
49. According to the National Women’s study survey, approximately what percentage of women said they would be less likely to report a rape if they knew their names would be made public?
A.45%
B.55%
C.65%
D.75%
Answer: DReference: The Psychology of Rape
50. A rape victim has to undergo a pelvic exam and semen samples have to be collected. These actions can lead to a reaction in the victim known as
A.secondary victimization.
B.examination anxiety.
C.rape aftermath trauma.
D.none of the above
Answer: AReference: The Psychology of Rape
51.  Many rape victims experience long-term problems such as
A.  fear.
B.  anxiety.
C.  depression.
       D.  all of the above
Answer: DReference: The Psychology of Rape
52.  Chloe claims that Tad raped her, and Tad is currently on trial. He claims that the sex was consensual. The prosecution has hired a psychologist, and the judge has agreed to allow the psychologist to testify. The psychologist provides evidence of _________________________ to corroborate the complainant’s version of the facts.
A.  bruising
   B. rape trauma syndrome
C.  Chloe’s problems at work
D.  all of the above
Answer: BReference: The Psychology of Rape
53. Strategies for developing effective interventions for preventing rape have included
A. training potential victims about the myths of rape.
B. teaching potential victims how to avoid certain situations.
C. developing specialized sex offender treatment programs in which perpetrators must accept responsibility.
D. all of the above
Answer: DReference: The Psychology of Rape
54. Research has found that empathy for rape victims
A.is higher among men and women who know a rape victim.
B.is higher only among men (not women) who know a rape victim.
C.is higher only among women (not men) who know a rape victim.
D.is higher for older rather than younger people.
Answer: AReference: The Psychology of Rape
55. A study by the Justice Department found that if women resisted a rape attack they were
A.just as likely to suffer a completed rape than those who did not resist.
B.half as likely to suffer a completed rape than those who did not resist.
C.two times as likely to be physically injured than those who did not resist.
D.most likely being attacked by someone they knew.
Answer: BReference: The Psychology of Rape
56.  Acquaintance rape is more frequent under which of the following conditions?
A. when the victim and the assailant have both been drinking or using other drugs
B.  on dates when each party pays their own expenses
C. when the victim and the assailant are at a fraternity party
D. all of the above
Answer: AReference: The Psychology of Rape
57.  Acquaintance rape is more frequent under which of the following conditions?
A. when the victim and the assailant have both been drinking or using other drugs
B.  on dates when the male pays for all expenses
C.  when the date is in an isolated location
D.  all of the above
Answer: DReference: The Psychology of Rape
58. According to some national surveys, __________________________ of college women have suffered a sexual assault, and the majority of women _____________ their attacker.
A. between one-fifth and one-quarter; did not know
B. between one-fifth and one-quarter; knew
C. between one-quarter and one-third; did not know
D. between one-quarter and one-third; knew
Answer: BReference: The Psychology of Rape
59. Depo-Provera (or MPA)
A.is an agency that gives crisis counseling to rape victims.
B.has been identified as a hormone strongly present in rapists.
C.is a drug that reportedly lowers sexual arousal.
D.is an agency that monitors the chemical castration of rapists.
Answer: CReference: The Psychology of Rape
60. As an intervention with convicted rapists, chemical castration
A.has been assessed as quite effective, without any side effects.
B.causes a reduction in the rapist’s estrogen level.
C.increases the rapist’s testosterone level.
D.has been criticized because its purpose is to control sexual behavior, not violent behavior.
Answer: DReference: The Psychology of Rape
61. What year was the term sexual harassment first used?
A.1923
B.1953
C.1974
D.1994
Answer: CReference: Sexual Harassment
62. According to one meta-analysis, ______________ of sampled women have reported experiencing harassing behavior, and ______________ experienced sexual harassment at work.
A. 24%; 58%
B. 58%; 24%
C. 37%; 53%
D. 53%; 37%
Answer: BReference: Sexual Harassment
63. In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court recognize that sexual harassment creates a hostile work environment and violates Title VII? (rule that intra-gender harassment is prohibited?)
A.Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc. (1993)
B.Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson (1986)
C.Commonwealth v. Wall (1992)
D.Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Industries (1998)
Answer: BReference: Sexual Harassment
64. According to a survey cited in Chapter 6, approximately what percentage of men had experienced sexual harassment in the workplace? (at least one incident involving sexual harassment at work)
A.4%
B.12%
C.37%
D.53%
Answer: CReference: Sexual Harassment
65.  Wiener et al. (1997) investigated how sexist attitudes affect perceptions of sexual harassment, and they found that
A.  subjects high, rather than low in hostile sexism were less likely to
                    find that the defendant’s behavior constituted sexual harassment.
B.  subjects low, rather than high in hostile sexism were less likely to find that the defendant’s behavior constituted sexual harassment.
C. subjects high, rather than low in benevolent sexism were less likely to find that the defendant’s behavior constituted sexual harassment.
D.  subjects low, rather than high in benevolent sexism were less likely to find that the defendant’s behavior constituted sexual harassment.
Answer: A Reference: Sexual Harassment
66. Terri is informed by her boss that if she doesn’t sleep with him, she will be fired. This is what type of sexual harassment?
A.hostile workplace
B.quid pro quo
C.verbal display
D.verbal hostility
Answer: BReference: Sexual Harassment
67. Sexual harassment which creates a hostile work environment
A.is termed quid pro quo.
B.violates Title VII of the Civil Rights Act.
C.must be viewed as harmful and pervasive by a “reasonable woman” standard.
D.must be “severely psychologically disabling” to the victim as judged by a “reasonable person” standard.
Answer: BReference: Sexual Harassment
68. In Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc. (1993), the U. S. Supreme Court held that it was
A. not always necessary for plaintiffs in sexual harassment cases to prove that they had nonspecific pain and suffering.
B. always necessary for plaintiffs in sexual harassment cases to prove that they had nonspecific pain and suffering.
   C.  not always necessary for plaintiffs in sexual harassment cases to prove that they had suffered psychological injuries.
D.  always necessary for plaintiffs in sexual harassment cases to prove that they had suffered psychological injuries.
Answer: CReference: Sexual Harassment
69. What standard did the U.S. Supreme Court use in its ruling about hostile workplaces in Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc.?
A.a reasonable person
B.a reasonable woman
C.a reasonable man
D.a reasonable jury member
Answer: AReference: Sexual Harassment
70.  Which of the following characteristics have been found to be correlated with higher scores on the Likelihood to Sexually Harass Scale?
A.  a less feminine personality
B.  more traditional beliefs toward women’s roles
C.  more negative attitudes toward women
D. all of the above
Answer: DReference: Sexual Harassment
71. What types of harassment claims are more likely to be resolved in favor of the complainant?
A.  claims in which the harassing behaviors are serious
B.  claims in which the complainant had witnesses to support the charges
C.  claims in which the complainant had given notice to management prior to filing formal charges
D.  all of the above
Answer: DReference: Sexual Harassment
72. What was the final outcome of the Menendez brothers’ case?
A.Both were found guilty but insane.
B.Both were found guilty of murder, and sentenced to life in prison.
C.Both were found guilty of murder, and sentenced to 40 years each.
D.Both were found guilty of murder, and sentenced to death by lethal injection.
Answer: BReference: Sexual Harassment
73.  Dershowitz (1994) has claimed that an increasing number of defense lawyers are taking the approach that the defendants they represent have a “history of abuse as an excuse for violent retaliation.” What has Dershowitz named this claim?
A.  the victimization syndrome
B.  the abuse excuse
C.  the eye for an eye excuse
D.  appropriate retaliation
Answer: B Reference: Sexual Harassment
True or False Questions
1. Men and women with histories of childhood abuse and neglect showed increased levels of mood disorders and antisocial personality characteristics as compared with matched controls.
Answer: TrueReference: Adversity and Trauma in Childhood
2. Women who were injured by a trauma were less likely to develop PTSD symptoms than those who were not injured.
Answer: FalseReference: Violence, Crime, and Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder
3. Children with abuse or trauma histories are at decreased risk for criminal offending.
Answer: FalseReference: Violence, Crime, and Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder
4.  It has been estimated that some form of physical aggression occurs in one-fourth to one-third of all couples.
Answer: TrueReference: Battered Spouses
5. Relationship aggression by women against men is as frequent as relationship aggression by men against women.
Answer: TrueReference: Battered Spouses
6. Relationship aggression by men against women is more likely to result in serious injuries than relationship aggression by women against men.
Answer: TrueReference: Battered Spouses
7. The majority of battered women charged with murdering their abusive partners are acquitted.
Answer: FalseReference: Battered Spouses
8.  Study participants were found to be more favorably inclined toward a women’s claim of self-defense when they heard defense expert testimony.
Answer: TrueReference: Battered Spouses
9.  Women who have been sexually assaulted in the past or who were sexually abused as children are more likely to suffer a second sexual attack than women without prior sexual victimization.
Answer: TrueReference: The Psychology of Rape
10. According to one study, less than 10 million women in the United States have been the victims of rape.
Answer: FalseReference: The Psychology of Rape
11. According to the 2000 National Women’s Study, 64% of rapes were committed by an intimate partner.
Answer: TrueReference: The Psychology of Rape
12. Individuals with conservative beliefs about sex tend to be more unsympathetic to victims and more tolerable of rapists.
Answer: TrueReference: The Psychology of Rape
13.  In some cases, men who have been convicted of sexual assault are told that they do not have to serve time in prison if they agree to drug treatments to curb their sexual arousal.
Answer: TrueReference: The Psychology of Rape
14. Quid pro quo harassment is the more common form of sexual harassment in the workplace.
Answer: FalseReference: Sexual Harassment
15. In Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson (1986), the Supreme Court addressed the issue of sexual harassment creating a hostile work environment.
Answer: TrueReference: Sexual Harassment
16. According to one study, 50% of participants considered staring, flirting, and nonsexual touching to be harassment.
Answer: FalseReference: Sexual Harassment
17. Men have reported that they are more likely to be sexually harassed by other men than by women.
Answer: TrueReference: Sexual Harassment
18. Psychologists studying views of sexual harassment have found that undergraduates and older adults tend to define sexual harassment similarly.
Answer: FalseReference: Sexual Harassment
19. Women and men are likely to view instances of offending behavior similarly; neither is more likely to see sexual harassment than the other.
Answer: FalseReference: Sexual Harassment
20. Men with higher hostility are more likely to engage in sexual harassment in the workplace under conditions of perceived unfairness.
Answer: True Reference: Sexual Harassment
21. Susan Polk was acquitted of second degree murder because she was diagnosed with post traumatic stress disorder as a battered woman.
        Answer: False Reference: Offenders’ Experience as Victims of Crime and
Violence

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