Young Offenders And Youth Justice A Century After the Fact, 4th Edition by Sandra J. Bell – Test Bank

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Chapter 5:  Explaining Crime and Delinquency: In the beginning …

               MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. According to the text, which of the following conditions of causality can best be met by the processes in social sciences and criminology?
2. establish a time priority
3. establish a cause and effect relationship
4. establish that a relationship is non-spurious
5. establish that there is a relationship between concepts

ANS: D           PTS: 1             REF: 134–135             BLM: Remember

1. It is unbiased.
2. It is knowable in an objective sense.
3. It comes exclusively from the “subject”.
4. It is objectively discovered through the scientific method.

ANS: C           PTS: 1             REF: 131         BLM: Remember

3. Which of the following is a central tenet of the classical school of criminology as it pertains to human behaviour?
4. free will
5. psychology
6. social factors
7. the environment

ANS: A           PTS: 1             REF: 132         BLM: Remember

4. How are theories of crime such as “The Born Criminal” and “Types of People” classified?
5. sociological
6. psychological
7. positivist
8. classical

ANS: C           PTS: 1             REF: 137–138             BLM: Higher Order

5. What do most modern biological theorists argue about biology and criminal behaviour?
6. Criminality is genetically inherited.
7. Criminality is caused by feeblemindedness.
8. Criminality is a product of environmental factors.
9. Criminality is the result of social and biological interactions.

ANS: D           PTS: 1             REF: 141–142             BLM: Remember

6. In an attempt to explain criminal and delinquent behaviour, what does psychological positivism focus on?
7. environmental impacts
8. antisocial characteristics
9. social characteristics
10. psychological anomalies

ANS: B           PTS: 1             REF: 138         BLM: Remember

7. Which of the following would be included among the psychological positivism theories?
8. anomie
9. strain theory
10. social learning theory
11. social disorganization

ANS: C           PTS: 1             REF: 144, 146–147     BLM: Higher Order

8. Which of the following psychological positivist theories lends itself to the law-and-order approach to juvenile justice?
9. behaviouralism
10. antisocial personality
11. moral development
12. psychoanalytic

ANS: A           PTS: 1             REF: 144         BLM: Higher Order

9. What criminological theory assumes that conformity is normal and delinquency arises when one’s ability to meet cultural goals is limited?
10. strain theory
11. social disorganization theory
12. differential opportunity theory
13. differential association theory

ANS: A           PTS: 1             REF: 147–148 BLM: Remember

10. Which of the following theories begins with the assumption that unless people are constrained in some way, they will behave on the basis of self-interest?
11. control theory
12. consensus theory
13. drift and delinquency theory
14. differential association theory

ANS: A           PTS: 1             REF: 152         BLM: Remember

11. According to Hirschi (1969), what must be present in a young person’s life to prevent them from engaging in delinquent behaviour?
12. self control
13. social bond
14. social consensus
15. social control

ANS: B           PTS: 1             REF: 152–153 BLM: Remember

12. From Cohen’s (1955) study of lower-class youth, how was delinquent behaviour understood?
13. A result of ritualism.
14. A result of innovation.
15. A result of frustration or “reaction formation”.
16. A result of youth’s limited avenues to success.

ANS: C           PTS: 1             REF: 148–149             BLM: Remember