Essentials of Life-Span Development 3rd Edition by John Santrock test bank

Essentials of Life-Span Development 3rd Edition by John Santrock test bank

 

Instant Download – Complete Test Bank With Answers

 

 

Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

CHAPTER 5: PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD

 

Multiple Choice Questions

 

1. The Reggio Emilia approach is a(n):
2. nutrition program for young children.
3. educational program for young children.
4. program for training kindergarten and elementary school teachers.
5. parenting education program.

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 139

 

2. Her pediatrician has just told Sandra that her 4-year-old son, Manuel, has gained 6 pounds in the last year. Sandra should:
3. be alarmed, because this is too much weight gain.
4. be concerned, because this is too little weight gain.
5. be positive and change Manuel’s diet.
6. be content that this is normal for Manuel’s age.

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 140

 

3. During early childhood, on average, girls are _____ than boys.
4. much lighter
5. more fair
6. slightly smaller
7. considerably taller

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 140

 

4. By the end of early childhood, girls have more _____ tissue than boys.
5. fatty
6. muscle
7. epithelial
8. nervous

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 140

 

5. When looking at the heights and weights of preschool children around the world, we know that there are:
6. congenital differences.
7. ethnic differences among them.
8. no visible differences.
9. cases of hyperthyroidism.

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 140

 

6. What have been found to be the two most important contributors to height differences among children worldwide?
7. Nationality and culture
8. Education and exercise
9. Prenatal care and emotional challenges
10. Ethnic origin and nutrition

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 140

 

7. Who among the following 5-year olds is MOST likely to be the tallest?
8. Timothy, White boy, urban, middle-socioeconomic-status, and later-born
9. Tina, White girl, urban, middle-socioeconomic-status, and firstborn
10. Tyrone, African American boy, urban, middle-socioeconomic-status, and firstborn
11. Tucker, African American boy, rural, lower-socioeconomic-status, and later-born

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 140

 

8. Which of the following statements about brain development and early childhood is true?
9. The development that occurs inside the brain ends at the onset of adolescence.
10. By the time a child is 3 years of age, the brain is 25 percent of its adult size.
11. The overall size of the brain does not increase dramatically from ages 3 to 15.
12. The brain of a 5-year-old is 60 percent the size of an adult brain.

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 141

 

9. Which of the following plays a key role in planning and organizing new actions and maintaining attention to tasks?
10. Amygdala
11. Hippocampus
12. Prefrontal cortex
13. Cerebellum

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 141

 

10. _____ is a process in which nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells.
11. Centration
12. Myelination
13. Tropism
14. Neurogenesis

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 141

 

11. One of the major changes in brain development between the ages of 3 and 15 involves an increase in the speed and efficiency of information traveling through the nervous system. This change is brought about by _____.
12. centration
13. myelination
14. tropism
15. neurogenesis

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 141

 

12. Which of the following are nerve fibers that carry signals away from the cell body?
13. Neurotransmitters
14. Synapses
15. Dendrites
16. Axons

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 141

 

13. Scientists have found that there are _____ the brains of children between the ages of 3 and 15.
14. dramatic changes in local patterns within
15. phenomenal increases in the overall size of
16. insignificant anatomical changes in
17. marked deceleration of growth in

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 141

 

14. Researchers have found that in children from 3 to 6 years of age, the most rapid growth takes place in the _____ lobe areas of the brain.
15. temporal
16. parietal
17. frontal
18. occipital

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 141

 

15. Toby is 3 years old. His parents are concerned because he is always running and jumping around. He cannot seem to sit still. Even when watching his favorite movie on TV, he fidgets and wiggles. It is especially frustrating to his parents when Toby does not sit still through dinner. Which of the following should Toby’s parents do?
16. Have him tested for attention deficit disorder
17. Start him on a behavior modification program
18. Provide structured, cognitively challenging activities for Toby to develop his attention span
19. Be assured that his behavior is normal for his age

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 141

 

16. When 4- and 5-year olds scramble over jungle gyms and race their friends, they are demonstrating their:
17. cognitive skills.
18. fine harboring skills.
19. gross motor skills.
20. reflective skills.

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 141-142

 

17. Fred and Wayne are 4-year-olds and friends. When they are together, they often wrestle, run, race, push, and shove each other. Although their level of activity often aggravates their parents, we know that these activities will:
18. help the boys develop gross motor skills.
19. stop when their brains become better myelinated.
20. be temporary as they will not be friends for long.
21. help the boys overcome narcolepsy.

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 141-142

 

18. Gross motor skills are to fine motor skills as _____ is to _____.
19. jumping; writing
20. running; swimming
21. laughing; shouting
22. hopping; walking

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 141-142

 

19. Debra is very active. She loves to tumble and show off. She is always trying out what her parents consider to be hair-raising stunts. She also loves races and believes she can run faster than her parents. This type of activity level and confidence is most characteristic of:
20. 1-year-olds.
21. 2-year-olds.
22. 3-year-olds.
23. 5-year-olds.

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 142

 

20. Three-year old Ashley is putting a jigsaw puzzle together, and, as is typical of her age, she:
21. places the pieces awkwardly.
22. is focused and excels at the task.
23. cannot identify the correct sections.
24. is precise in joining the bits.

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 142

 

21. Four-year old Nathan is good at stacking his playing blocks to make tall structures. However, he still knocks them over occasionally. Which of the following is the MOST likely reason for this?
22. His gross motor skills are deficient.
23. He tries to place each block perfectly on top of the other, upsetting those already stacked.
24. His coordination skills are not developing normally for his age.
25. He is showing signs of dyslexia.

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 142

 

22. Which of the following can raise cholesterol levels and increase the risk of heart disease?
23. Omega-3 fatty acid
24. Unsaturated fat
25. Saturated and trans fat
26. Protein

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 142

 

23. Which of the following should be minimized in order to improve the eating behavior of children?
24. Competing activities
25. A predictable schedule
26. Eating healthy food yourself
27. Making mealtimes pleasant occasions

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 143

 

24. Which of the following determines the categories for obesity, overweight, and at risk for being overweight?
25. Weight
26. Average calories consumed daily
27. Waist-to-hips ratio
28. Body mass index

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 143

 

25. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, only children and adolescents at or above the _____ percentile are classified as obese.
26. 97th
27. 95th
28. 90th
29. 88th

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 143

 

26. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a person with a BMI at the 90th percentile is:
27. obese.
28. overweight.
29. at risk of being overweight.
30. underweight.

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 143

 

27. Gina, 6, has a BMI in the 95th percentile. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, she would be classified as:
28. obese.
29. overweight.
30. at risk for being overweight.
31. not at risk for being overweight.

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 143

 

28. Which of the following statements about childhood obesity is true?
29. Children who are overweight at age 3 are also at risk of being overweight at age 12.
30. There is no indication that overweight young children will become overweight adults.
31. Obesity is not linked to type 2 (adult-onset) diabetes in children.
32. In 2005, the United States had the highest rate of child obesity in the world.

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 143

 

29. Guidelines recommend that preschool children engage in _____ of physical activity per day.
30. half an hour
31. two hours
32. one hour
33. four hours

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 143

 

30. Which of the following is a factor in increasing the physical activity of preschool children?
31. Family members watching sports on TV together
32. Parents’ perception that it is safe for their children to play outside
33. Participating in sedentary outdoor play
34. Incorporation of an “observe and learn” activity curriculum

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 144

 

31. The leading cause of death in young children in the United States is:
32. heart disease.
33. malnutrition.
34. motor vehicle accidents.
35. domestic violence.

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 144

 

32. Which of the following statements regarding parental smoking is true?
33. Children are at risk for health problems when they live in homes in which a parent smokes.
34. Most children and adolescents in the United States are exposed to tobacco smoke in the home.
35. Children exposed to tobacco smoke in the home are no more likely to develop asthma than children in nonsmoking homes.
36. Parental smoking is the leading cause for death in young children in the United States.

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 145

 

33. Children exposed to tobacco smoke in the home are more likely to develop _____ than are children in homes where no one smokes.
34. tuberculosis
35. emphysema and hacking cough
36. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
37. wheezing and asthma

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 145

 

34. Which of the following can be modified to create conditions that enhance the child’s safety and reduce the likelihood of injury?
35. Decrease home/school partnerships
36. Reduce playground hazards
37. Reduce pool fencing
38. Reduce frequent parent protective behaviors

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 145

 

35. Deaths in young children due to HIV/AIDS especially occur in countries:
36. in the northern hemisphere.
37. with high rates of poverty and low levels of education.
38. where other common children’s health problems like malnutrition do not exist.
39. where the society is affluent.

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 145

 

36. Many of the deaths of young children around the world could be prevented by a reduction in:
37. nutrition.
38. sanitation.
39. poverty.
40. education.

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 145

 

37. The second Piagetian stage of development is the preoperational stage, which lasts from approximately _____ years of age.
38. 1 to 3
39. 2 to 7
40. 4 to 10
41. 5 to 12

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 146

 

38. In the _____ stage, children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings.
39. concrete operational
40. sensorimotor
41. preoperational
42. formal operational

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 146

 

39. According to Piaget, in the _____ stage, the young child’s cognitive world is dominated by egocentrism and magical beliefs.
40. preoperational
41. sensorimotor
42. concrete operational
43. formal operational

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 146

 

40. Mentally adding and subtracting numbers are examples of _____.
41. hypotheses
42. symbolic functions
43. operations
44. reflex actions

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 146

 

41. Patricia, 6, loves to decorate books by drawing pictures and putting in words to describe them. Her ideas are more balanced now. She has started to analyze and understand things. However, she is egocentric and holds what her parents describe as “magical beliefs.” Patricia is in Piaget’s _____ stage of development.
42. sensorimotor
43. concrete operational
44. formal operational
45. preoperational

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 146

 

42. Piaget’s preoperational stage is so named because he believed that children at this age:
43. do not yet perform reversible mental actions.
44. cannot yet form stable concepts.
45. are unable to reason.
46. cannot operate electronic devices like TVs.

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 146

 

43. In the _____ substage, children use scribble designs to represent people, houses, cars, clouds, and so on.
44. formal operational
45. intuitive thought
46. concrete operational
47. symbolic function

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 146

 

44. During the _____ substage children begin to use language more effectively and engage in pretend play.
45. formal operational
46. intuitive thought
47. symbolic function
48. concrete operational

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 146

 

45. Three-year-old Betty’s favorite pastime is scribbling designs. She says the drawings represent her parents, cat, bicycle, and home. This indicates that Betty is in the _____ substage of Piaget’s preoperational stage.
46. symbolic function
47. intuitive thought
48. operational
49. sensorimotor

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 146

 

46. Three-and-a-half-year-old Ruth draws a picture with lavender, purple, and blue colors intermixed with green, yellow, and brown. “It’s a boat on the ocean at sunset, with whales jumping all around it!” she explains to her teacher. Which of the following does this explain?
47. Animism
48. Conservation
49. Intuitive thought
50. Symbolic function

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 146

 

47. The inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and someone else’s perspective is known as _____.
48. animism
49. empathy
50. egocentrism
51. symbolism

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 146

 

48. While talking with his grandmother on the phone, five-year old Danny suddenly exclaims, “Oh, look at that pretty bird!” When his grandmother asks him to describe the bird, Danny says, “Out there, out there! Right there, Grandma!” He finally gets frustrated and hangs up. This is an example of:
49. animism.
50. egocentrism.
51. intuitive thought.
52. symbolic function.

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 146

 

49. A young child might be heard saying, “That tree pushed the leaf off and it fell down.” The child’s belief that the tree is capable of action is referred to as _____.
50. egocentrism
51. conservation
52. animism
53. kineticism

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 147

 

50. “My computer doesn’t like me—it keeps eating my pictures,” says 3-year old Kimberly. This is an example of:
51. animism.
52. intuitive thinking.
53. conservation.
54. egocentrism.

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 147

 

51. The second substage of preoperational thought, occurring between approximately 4 and 7 years of age, is characterized by the use of:
52. reversible mental actions.
53. egocentric views.
54. primitive reasoning.
55. symbolic thought.

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 147

 

52. Ethan, age 4, reasons that every time he sees a lightning bolt in the sky, angels are turning on their flashlights. Ethan’s primitive reasoning about lightning is characteristic of:
53. symbolic function.
54. intuitive thought.
55. egocentrism.
56. centration.

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 147

 

53. Which of the following is a second substage of preoperational thought?
54. Formal operational
55. Intuitive thought
56. Concrete operational
57. Symbolic function

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 147

 

54. Piaget called the second substage in preoperational thought “intuitive” because of the absence of the use of _____ in children in that stage.
55. symbolic function
56. primitive reasoning
57. centration
58. rational thinking

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 147

 

55. In general, conservation involves the ability to understand that changes in physical arrangement:
56. do not change an object’s basic properties.
57. affect an object’s inherent features.
58. determine the total volume needed for a given task.
59. must be considered before the characteristics of an object can be determined.

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 147

 

56. Which of the following best describes the relation between centration and conservation?
57. Conservation requires centration.
58. Centration is due to lack of conservation.
59. Centration is reflected in lack of conservation.
60. Conservation is independent of centration.

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 147

 

57. Juan and his little sister, Anne, are each given a large cookie. Their mother breaks Anne’s cookie into four pieces to help her eat it more easily. Juan immediately begins to cry and says that it is not fair for his sister to get so many cookies when he only has one. Juan is showing a lack of:
58. constancy.
59. conservation.
60. intuition.
61. symbolic function.

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 147-148

 

58. In Piaget’s theory, failing the conservation-of-liquid task demonstrates:
59. that the child is at the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development.
60. that the child is unable to think fluidly.
61. centration.
62. rational thought.

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 148

 

59. According to Rochel Gelman, _____ is especially important in explaining conservation.
60. the age of the child
61. heredity
62. attention
63. intuition

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 149

 

60. Zone of proximal development (ZPD) is Vygotsky’s term for:
61. a young adult’s cognitive development achieved through interaction with children.
62. the variety of work that a child can do with ease at a particular stage of cognitive development.
63. how the environment and a child’s genetically programmed learning ability interact during a critical period.
64. the range of tasks difficult for a child to master alone but that can be learned with help from adults.

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 149

 

61. A toddler is likely to learn something in the zone of proximal development (ZPD) if:
62. the toddler has mastered all the skills necessary.
63. parents or teachers do not interfere.
64. the task is more difficult than the child can do alone.
65. the toddler uses no help from a parent or teacher.

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 149

 

62. Kevin is just learning to walk. He can take a few steps by himself if he uses both hands to hold on to a piece of furniture for support, but he can walk out into the middle of the room only if one of his parents holds his hands. Which of the following represents the lower limit of Kevin’s zone of proximal development (ZPD) for walking?
63. Kevin learning to run after he has mastered walking by himself
64. Kevin going back to crawling when he becomes frustrated trying to walk by himself
65. Kevin walking alone by holding onto a piece of furniture with his hands
66. Kevin learning to walk by having his parents hold one of his hands

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 149

 

63. Vygotsky believed that children construct knowledge through:
64. self-discovery.
65. social interaction.
66. reorganization of existing knowledge.
67. transforming previous knowledge.

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 149

 

64. Sharon, 3, can solve 4-piece jigsaw puzzles on her own, but needs her parents’ help to solve 6-piece jigsaw puzzles. Which of the following represents the upper limit of Sharon’s zone of proximal development (ZPD) for solving such puzzles?
65. Sharon moving on to 10-piece puzzles
66. Sharon solving a 6-piece puzzle on her own
67. Sharon helping her 2-year old brother with 4-piece puzzles
68. Sharon mastering 4-piece puzzles

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 149-150

 

65. Vygotsky believed that children construct knowledge through:
66. self-discovery.
67. social interaction.
68. reorganization of existing knowledge.
69. transforming previous knowledge.

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 149

 

66. Which of the following did Vygotsky call the “buds” or “flowers” of development?
67. Tasks a child can accomplish independently
68. Intuitive thinking and rational thinking
69. A child’s cognitive skills in the process of maturing
70. A child’s gross motor skills that are fully developed

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 150

 

67. When adults are working with young children, they often provide a lot of hints, assistance, instructions, and other support to help the children succeed. As the children demonstrate they can do more for themselves, the adults begin to withdraw these supports. This shows the adults’ involvement in the children’s:
68. zone of proximal development.
69. development of conservational abilities.
70. enhancement of intuitive reasoning.
71. process of centration.

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 150

 

68. Which of the following refers to teachers’ adjustment of their level of support and guidance to the level of skill of the student?
69. Accommodation
70. Regulation
71. Scaffolding
72. Assimilation

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 150

 

69. Over the past week, Walter has been trying to learn to tie his shoelaces. Initially, his mother was holding his hands and working his fingers through the process, but now that Walter’s gotten better at it, she only guides him verbally. Which of the following is this an example of?
70. How heredity shapes cognitive development
71. Intuitive reasoning
72. Scaffolding
73. Conservation

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 150

 

70. When four-year-old Jared plays, he often talks to himself. This form is self-talk is used for self-regulation. Developmentalists call this:
71. mindstream.
72. self-articulation.
73. lisping.
74. private speech.

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 150

 

71. After a while self-talk becomes second nature to children, and they can act without verbalizing, thus creating a form of _____ which becomes their thoughts.
72. mindstream
73. inner speech
74. lisping
75. private speech

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 150

 

72. Which of the following describes what Lev Vygotsky believed about the development of thought and language?
73. Thought and language are merged early in development and later separate.
74. Thought depends on language, so they are merged throughout development.
75. Thought and language develop independently at first and merge later in development.
76. Thought and language are two separate functions that remain independent throughout development.

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 150

 

73. In the development of language and thought:
74. internal speech precedes private speech.
75. internal and external speech develop simultaneously.
76. external speech precedes internal speech.
77. external speech develops after internal speech.

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 150

 

74. Vygotsky argued that _____ represents an early transition toward becoming more socially communicative.
75. mindstream
76. inner speech
77. lisping
78. private speech

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 150

 

75. Michelle, 4, talks to herself frequently, especially when she is trying to solve a difficult problem. Lev Vygotsky would say that Michelle is:
76. engaging in egocentric and immature thinking.
77. likely to be socially competent.
78. functioning at the upper limit of her zone of proximal development (ZPD).
79. engaging in scaffolding.

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 150

 

76. Amy, age 3, walks by her grandmother’s collection of glass animals and says, “Those are a ‘no-no’; don’t touch.” It would appear that Amy is using _____ to regulate her own behavior.
77. mindstream
78. intuitive reasoning
79. private speech
80. symbolic function

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 150

 

77. Which of the following is true of Lev Vygotsky’s educational applications?
78. IQ should be assessed to test a child’s learning capabilities.
79. A child should learn on his/her own to realize his capabilities.
80. A child’s use of private speech reflects immaturity and egocentrism.
81. Teaching should begin toward the upper limit of a child’s zone of proximal development.

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 151

 

78. Which of the following scenarios best represents Lev Vygotsky’s view of mental and behavioral development?
79. A teacher assigns challenging tasks that students must complete on their own.
80. An instructor helps students with laboratory work, showing them how to do things the students cannot yet do.
81. A teacher waits patiently for students to come up with good answers and assesses their learning capabilities.
82. An instructor systematically offers standardized tests to students to evaluate their mental abilities on varying subjects.

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Analyze

Page(s): 151

 

79. Which of the following educational strategies would Vygotsky say should be incorporated into the classroom?
80. Making each child responsible for his/her work, without relying on peers or teachers for support
81. Formal, standardized tests to assess children’s learning
82. Discouraging distractions like self-talk or private talk
83. Offering just enough assistance to the child to accomplish the task

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 151

 

80. “Tools of the Mind” is a program that is grounded in _____ theory of cognitive development.
81. Vygotsky’s
82. Erikson’s
83. Sternberg’s
84. Piaget’s

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 151

 

81. In a “Tools of the Mind” classroom, _____ has a central role.
82. nutrition
83. didactic lecture
84. dramatic play
85. abstract presentation

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 151

 

82. Tale is in a “Tools of the Mind” classroom. His teacher guides him to plan his own message by drawing a line to stand for each word he says. Tale then repeats the message, pointing to each line as he/she says the word. Finally, Tale writes on the lines, trying to represent each word with some letters or symbols. This process is called:
83. model drawing.
84. scaffolding writing.
85. word visualizing.
86. positive role-play.

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 152

 

83. Vygotsky’s view of the importance of _____ on children’s development fits with the current belief that it is important to evaluate the contextual factors in learning.
84. autonomy
85. sociocultural influences
86. economic status of teachers
87. scaffolding

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 152

 

84. Which of the following statements about Vygotsky’s theory is true?
85. Cognition primarily directs language development.
86. Language has a minimal role in shaping thought.
87. Language plays a powerful role in shaping thought.
88. Education merely refines the child’s cognitive skills that have already emerged.

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 152

 

85. In moving from Piaget to Vygotsky, the conceptual shift is one from:
86. the individual to collaboration.
87. collaboration to sociocultural activity.
88. construction to discovery.
89. socializing to operational thought.

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 152-153

 

86. Which of the following is a criticism of Vygotsky’s theory?
87. Vygotsky was specific about age-related changes and generalized all individuals.
88. Vygotsky overemphasized the role of language in thinking.
89. Vygotsky particularly described how changes in socioemotional capabilities contribute to cognitive development, which is highly subjective.
90. Vygotsky laid no emphasis on guidance which plays an important role in learning.

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 153

 

87. _____ attention involves action planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection and compensation, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances.
88. Salient
89. Relevant
90. Executive
91. Sustained

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 153

 

88. _____ attention is focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environment.
89. Salient
90. Relevant
91. Executive
92. Sustained

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 153

 

89. A police officer visits Ben and Heather’s class to discuss safety rules. To attract the children’s attention, the officer brings colorful balloons and lots of jars of bubbles for the children to blow. Later, Heather tells her parents all about the balloons and bubbles but cannot remember any of the safety rules the officer presented. Heather obviously paid more attention to what was _____.
90. salient
91. relevant
92. habituated
93. intended

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 153

 

90. A police officer visits Timothy and Evelyn’s class to discuss safety rules. To attract the children’s attention, the officer brings colorful balloons and lots of jars of bubbles for the children to blow. Later, Timothy tells his parents all about the safety rules the officer discussed. Timothy obviously paid attention to what was _____.
91. salient
92. relevant
93. habituated
94. superfluous

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 153

 

91. After the age of _____, children attend more efficiently to the dimensions of the task that are relevant.
92. 3 or 4
93. 4 or 5
94. 6 or 7
95. 5

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 153

 

92. When experimenters ask children to judge whether two complex pictures are the same, preschool children tend to use a haphazard comparison strategy, not examining all of the details before making a judgment, exhibiting a lack of:
93. conservation.
94. attention to the salient.
95. centration.
96. planfulness.

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 153

 

93. In Central European countries, such as Hungary, kindergarten children participate in exercises designed to improve their _____. An eye-contact exercise, in which the teacher sits in the center of a circle of children and each child is required to catch the teacher’s eye before being permitted to leave the group, is an example of an exercise to improve _____.
94. hand-to-eye coordination
95. attention
96. social skills
97. creativity

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 153

 

94. In short-term memory, individuals retain information for up to _____ if there is no rehearsal of the information.
95. 30 seconds
96. 15 minutes.
97. 5 hours
98. 2 days

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 154

 

95. Irene is taking a test where she hears a random list of numbers, which she is then asked to repeat in the right order. Irene is having her _____ memory tested.
96. recognition
97. implicit
98. procedural
99. short-term

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 154

 

96. Using rehearsal, we can keep information in short-term memory for a much longer period. In this context, rehearsal means:
97. preparing for a memory-span test.
98. doing mental exercises daily to keep the mind sharp.
99. repeating information after it has been presented.
100. taking regular memory-span tests.

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 154

 

97. Research with the memory-span task suggests that:
98. short-term memory increases during early childhood.
99. long-term memory reaches maturation by early childhood.
100. memory span depends on one’s ethnic origin.
101. heredity is a major factor affecting memory.

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 154

 

98. In a study comparing the memory spans of preschool and elementary school children, the latter group consistently scored better. This apparent increase in memory span with age could be explained partly by how:
99. the peer group plays a part in short-term memory.
100. older children rehearse the digits more than younger children do.
101. elementary schools practice scaffolding.
102. memory-span tests are not always an accurate measure of short-term memory.

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Analyze

Page(s): 154

 

99. Six-year-old Shirley, a witness to a robbery, was asked to testify at the trial. The defense argued that her testimony would be invalid because:
100. at her age, she has no long-term memories.
101. her memories are highly susceptible to suggestion.
102. she is more likely to embellish her memories.
103. children cannot recall details of events sequentially.

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 155

 

100. Several operations, such as inhibition and planning, that are important for flexible, future-oriented behavior and may also be connected to theory of mind development are known as:
101. operational thought.
102. instrumental activities.
103. executive functioning.
104. intuitive reasoning.

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 156

 

101. A group of children were put through a task where they were asked to say the word “night” when they see a picture of a sun, and the word “day” when they see a picture of a moon and stars. This is an example of a(n) _____ function, which describes several functions—such as inhibition and planning—that are important for flexible, future-oriented behavior.
102. executive
103. social
104. recall
105. dynamic

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 156

 

102. The theory of _____ refers to awareness of one’s own mental processes and the mental processes of others.
103. self-awareness
104. recognition
105. mind
106. consciousness

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 157

 

103. With regard to perception, by _____ years of age, a child recognizes that another person will see what is in front of his/her own eyes instead of what is in front of the child’s eyes.
104. 2
105. 3
106. 4
107. 5

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 157

 

104. Alan, who is 18 months old, hates spinach but says “Yum!” when he sees his mother eating her favorite spinach casserole. This indicates that:
105. he will also like spinach when he grows up.
106. he recognizes that someone else may have different desires from his own.
107. he has started to recognize false beliefs.
108. he has started to understand that people can have ambivalent feelings.

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 157

 

105. The realization that people can have false beliefs develops in a majority of children by the time they are _____ years old.
106. 2
107. 3
108. 4
109. 5

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 158

 

106. One of the disadvantages of “false-belief tasks” as indicators of understanding the thoughts of children is that:
107. the false-belief task is a complicated one that involves a number of factors.
108. this kind of task has at least four possible outcomes.
109. the false-belief tasks are too simple.
110. it is only by the preschool years that children have a deepening appreciation of the mind itself.

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 158

 

107. It is only by age 7 that children begin to recognize all of the following EXCEPT:
108. there can be more than one correct opinions on an issue.
109. people’s behaviors do not necessarily reflect their thoughts and feelings.
110. people have different interpretations of the same event.
111. people can have ambivalent feelings.

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 158

 

108. Pointing to a tree, young Leo says, “Bird flied away.” Leo’s interesting but incorrect use of the “-ed” word ending shows that he is trying to learn the _____ rules of language.
109. phonological
110. morphological
111. pragmatic
112. syntactic

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 159

 

109. Jean Berko’s experiment involving “wugs” demonstrated that the young children who took part in the experiment knew:
110. the phonological rules.
111. the rules of syntax.
112. the pragmatic rules.
113. the morphological rules.

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 159

 

110. Zelda, 3, is always asking questions like “Where Daddy is going?” and “What Mommy is doing?” This indicates that she is yet to learn the auxiliary-inversion rule and to apply rules of:
111. pragmatics.
112. morphology.
113. syntax.
114. phonology.

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 160

 

111. By the time they enter first grade, it is estimated that children know about _____ words.
112. 1,200
113. 8,000
114. 14,000
115. 5,000

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 160

 

112. Around _____ years of age, children learn to change their speech style to suit the situation.
113. 6 or 7
114. 7 or 8
115. 2 or 3
116. 4 or 5

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 161

 

113. Five-year old Donna speaks in shorter, simpler sentences to her baby brother, in a very informal way with friends, and uses a more formal language with her father’s friends. Donna is demonstrating her grasp of:
114. pragmatics.
115. morphology.
116. syntax.
117. phonology.

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 161

 

114. The foundation of early childhood education is the _____ kindergarten.
115. child-centered
116. standardized
117. academic-centered
118. achievement-oriented

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 162

 

115. The _____ is a philosophy of education in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities.
116. child-centered kindergarten
117. Montessori approach
118. developmentally appropriate practice
119. developmentally inappropriate practice

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 162

 

116. Nurturing is a key aspect of the _____, which emphasizes the education of the whole child and concern for his/her physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development.
117. child-centered kindergarten
118. Montessori approach
119. developmentally appropriate practice
120. Reggio Emilia approach

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 162

 

117. Dorothy is enrolled in a preschool where she spends much of her time in unstructured activity. She plays with different toys she chooses, and her teacher facilitates rather than teaches. Which of the following approaches is Dorothy’s preschool using?
118. Kindergarten
119. Rogerian
120. Montessori
121. Success-oriented

Answer: c

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 162

 

118. Which of the following is a criticism related to the Montessori approach?
119. It lays too much emphasis on social interaction.
120. It does not employ self-corrective materials.
121. It lays too much emphasis on imaginative play.
122. It neglects children’s socioemotional development.

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 162

 

119. Educators refer to this type of schooling as _____, which is based on knowledge of the typical progress of children within an age span, as well as the uniqueness of the child.
120. the child-centered kindergarten
121. developmentally appropriate practice
122. the Montessori approach
123. the success-oriented approach

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 163

 

120. In 1965, the federal government began an effort to break the cycle of poverty and poor education for young children in the United States through:
121. Maria Montessori Program.
122. Emancipation Undertaking.
123. Reggio Emilia Project.
124. Project Head Start.

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 163

 

121. Early Head Start was established in 1995 to serve children from _____ years of age.
122. 4 to 5
123. 2 to 4
124. 5 to 10
125. birth to 3

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 163

 

122. Which of the following is true about Head Start programs?
123. They only provide for low-income families.
124. They focus on children of a particular ethnic origin.
125. They have negative effect on young children’s language development.
126. They are funded by the private corporate sector.

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 163

 

123. Two current controversies in early childhood education, as given in the text, involve:
124. curriculum and universal preschool education in the United States.
125. the quality of inner-city schools and free education to all.
126. the use of corporal punishment in schools and the use of uniforms.
127. Christian holidays for all and boarding schools.

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 165

 

124. Competent early childhood programs should focus:
125. on cognitive development and socioemotional development.
126. exclusively on cognitive development.
127. on preoperational skills.
128. on academics alone.

Answer: a

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 165

 

125. Which of the following was cited by Zigler and his colleagues supporting universal preschool in the United States?
126. It is more important to improve preschool education for young children who are disadvantaged rather than funding preschool education for all 4-year-old children.
127. The quality of inner-city schools has often been found to be of questionable quality.
128. Research has proven that the gains attributed to preschool and kindergarten education are often overstated.
129. Universal preschool would bring billions of dollars of cost savings because of a diminished need for remedial and justice services.

Answer: d

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 165

 

126. Critics of universal preschool education argue that:
127. quality preschools prepare children for school readiness and academic success.
128. research has not proven that nondisadvantaged children benefit from attending a preschool.
129. the gains attributed to preschool and kindergarten education are often understated.
130. quality preschool programs increase the likelihood that the child will drop out of school later.

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 165

 

127. According to critics of universal preschool education:
128. quality preschools prepare children for school readiness and academic success.
129. it is more important to improve preschool education for young children who are disadvantaged rather than funding preschool education for all U.S. 4-year-old children.
130. preschool programs decrease the likelihood that once children go to elementary and secondary school they will be retained in a grade or drop out of school.
131. there is too much pressure on young children to achieve and it does not provide any opportunities to actively construct knowledge.

Answer: b

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 165-166

 

Identification Questions

 

128. The substage of preoperational thought in which the young child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present.

Answer: Symbolic function substage

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 146

 

129. The inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and the perspective of another.

Answer: Egocentrism

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 146

 

130. The awareness that altering an object’s or a substance’s appearance does not change its basic properties.

Answer: Conservation

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 147

 

131. This researcher showed that when the child’s attention to relevant aspects of the conservation task is improved, the child is more likely to conserve.

Answer: Rochel Gelman

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 149

 

132. 132. A cognitive theorist who emphasized the social contexts of learning and the construction of knowledge through social interaction.

Answer: Lev Vygotsky

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 149

 

133. The range of tasks that are too difficult for children to master alone but that can be learned with the guidance and assistance of adults or more-skilled children.

Answer: Zone of proximal development

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 149

 

134. An umbrella-like concept that encompasses a number of higher-level cognitive processes linked to the development of the brain’s prefrontal cortex.

Answer: Executive functioning

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 156

 

135. The awareness of one’s own mental processes and the mental processes of others.

Answer: Theory of mind

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 157

 

136. 136. An Italian physician-turned-educator, who at the beginning of the twentieth century crafted a revolutionary approach to young children’s education in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities.

Answer: Maria Montessori

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 162

 

137. Aubrey is in a school that takes into account the typical development of children within an age span, as well as the uniqueness of the child. It also emphasizes the importance of creating settings that encourage active learning and reflect the child’s interests and capabilities. This view represents a _____.

Answer: developmentally appropriate practice (DAP)

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 163

 

Short Answer Questions

 

138. Define what Piaget meant by an operation. What would be one task that preoperational children fail at because they lack operations?

Answer: An operation is a reversible mental action that allows children to do mentally what before they could only do physically. Tasks that illustrate lack of operations could be conservation, serration, the three mountain task, etc

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 146

 

139. Briefly describe the two stages of preoperational thought. Provide an example of children’s thinking at each stage.

Answer: The Piagetian preoperational stage in cognitive development can be divided into two substages: the symbolic function substage and the intuitive thought substage.

The symbolic function substage occurs roughly between the ages of 2 and 4. In this substage, the young child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present but still suffer from limitations like egocentrism and animism.

The intuitive thought substage occurs between approximately 4 and 7 years of age when children begin to use primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to questions.

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 146

 

140. What is the zone of proximal development (ZPD)? What are its lower and upper limits? How could you use peer scaffolding to teach children mathematics within the zone?

Answer: The zone of proximal development (ZPD), developed by Lev Vygotsky, consists of the range of tasks that are too difficult for children to master alone but can be learned with the guidance and assistance of adults or more-skilled children. The lower limit of the ZPD is the level of skill reached by the child working independently. The upper limit is the level of additional responsibility the child can accept with the assistance of an able instructor.

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Apply

Page(s): 149-150

 

141. List three ways that Lev Vygotsky’s theory can be incorporated in classrooms.

Answer: Some of the ways that Vygotsky’s theory can be incorporated in classrooms are:

1) Assess the child’s zone of proximal development.

2) Use the child’s ZPD in teaching.

3) Use more-skilled peers as teachers.

4) Place instruction in a meaningful context.

5) Transform the classroom with Vygotskian ideas.

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 151

 

142. Briefly state two criticisms leveled against Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development.

Answer: One criticism of Vygotsky’s theory is that Vygotsky was not specific enough about age-related changes. Another criticism is that Vygotsky did not adequately describe how changes in socioemotional capabilities contribute to cognitive development.

Difficulty Level: Easy

Blooms: Remember

Page(s): 153

 

143. Describe two reasons for developmental changes in memory span.

Answer: One of the reasons that memory span improves with age is that rehearsal of information is important in increasing short-term memory. Older children rehearse the digits more than younger children do. Speed—especially the speed with which memory items can be identified—and efficiency of processing information are important, too.

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 154

 

144. Identify the factors that can influence the accuracy of a young child’s memory.

Answer: Several factors can influence the accuracy of a young child’s memory. There are age differences in children’s susceptibility to suggestion. Preschoolers are the most suggestible age group in comparison with older children and adults. There are individual differences in susceptibility. Some preschoolers are highly resistant to interviewers’ suggestions, whereas others immediately succumb to the slightest suggestion. Interviewing techniques can produce substantial distortions in children’s reports about highly salient events.

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 155

 

145. Briefly describe what is meant by a child’s “theory of mind”? What is one way to measure theory of mind?

Answer: Even young children are curious about the nature of the human mind. They have a theory of mind, which refers to awareness of one’s own mental processes and the mental processes of others.

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 157

 

146. What are the criticisms of the Montessori approach to early education? Based on the text and in class discussion, do you agree with these criticisms?

Answer: Critics of the Montessori approach believe that it neglects children’s socioemotional development. For example, although Montessori fosters independence and the development of cognitive skills, it deemphasizes verbal interaction between the teacher and child, and between peers. Montessori’s critics also argue that it restricts imaginative play and that its heavy reliance on self-corrective materials may not adequately allow for creativity and for a variety of learning styles.

Difficulty Level: Medium

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 162

 

147. What are the current areas of controversy in early childhood education?

Answer: Two current controversies in early childhood education involve (1) what the curriculum for early childhood education should be, and (2) whether preschool education should be universal in the United States.

Difficulty Level: Hard

Blooms: Understand

Page(s): 165