Experience Human Development 13Th Edition By Diane Papalia - Test Bank

Experience Human Development 13Th Edition By Diane Papalia – Test Bank

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Chapter 05

Cognitive Development during the First Three Years

Multiple Choice Questions

(p. 126) Which approach attempts to measure intelligence quantitatively?
A. Psychometric
B. Piagetian
C. Information-processing
D. Cognitive

APA LO: 2.4
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.1: Identify six approaches to the study of cognitive development.
Topic: Studying cognitive development

(p. 127) Which approach looks at the quality of cognitive functioning at different stages of life?
A. Psychometric
B. Piagetian
C. Information-processing
D. Behaviorist

(p. 128) Little Mark plays with a balloon that pops in his face and frightens him. The next time he sees a balloon, he starts to cry. The type of learning illustrated in this example is called
A. habituation.
B. operant conditioning.
C. classical conditioning.
D. latent learning.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how infants learn and remember.
Topic: Classical and operant conditioning

(p. 128) When an infant is classically conditioned, he or she learns
A. a relationship between two stimulus events.
B. to stop responding to an unimportant, repetitive stimulus.
C. to associate a certain behavior with a reward.
D. to avoid punishment by crying.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how infants learn and remember.
Topic: Classical and operant conditioning

(p. 128) Classically conditioned learning will fade or become extinct if it is not
A. punished.
B. reinforced.
C. ignored.
D. dishabituated.

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how infants learn and remember.
Topic: Classical and operant conditioning

(p. 128) When a child learns to behave in a specific way in order to obtain a specific result, what is occurring?
A. Habituation
B. Classical conditioning
C. Operant conditioning
D. Social learning

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how infants learn and remember.
Topic: Classical and operant conditioning

(p. 128) Susie learned to sit on the floor and cry until she is given a piece of candy. This is an example of
A. habituation.
B. classical conditioning.
C. operant conditioning.
D. social learning.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how infants learn and remember.
Topic: Classical and operant conditioning

(p. 128) At Tiny Tots day care, the caregivers have found that if the infants in their care repeat an action over and over again they will
A. not repeat the action in several weeks.
B. always repeat the action several weeks later.
C. often repeat the action several weeks later.
D. repeat the action if it was practiced with their mother.

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how infants learn and remember.
Topic: Infant memory

(p. 128) Eliza’s mom smiles at her every time she sticks her tongue out. According to operant conditioning, Eliza will
A. stop sticking out her tongue.
B. cry every time her mother enters the room.
C. stick her tongue out even more.
D. be unaffected by her mother’s smiles.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how infants learn and remember.
Topic: Classical and operant conditioning

(p. 129) Based on research using operant conditioning techniques with infants, what appears to be different between infant and adult memories?
A. The quality of the memory
B. The duration of the memory
C. Infants cannot form memories, while adults can.
D. Adults require stronger retrieval cues to access their memories.

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how infants learn and remember.
Topic: Infant memory

(p. 129) Little Rollie sees his favorite toy across the room and begins crawling towards it. According to your text, Rollie is engaging in
A. intelligent behavior.
B. symbolic functioning.
C. emotional regulation.
D. situational compliance.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.3: Discuss infant assessment measures and the prediction of intelligence.
Topic: Psychometric approach: Developmental and intelligence testing

(p. 129) Young infants’ memory is specifically linked to a particular cue. At what age will children repeat a learned behavior without the original cue being available?
A. 3 to 4 months
B. 4 to 6 months
C. 9 to 12 months
D. After the first year

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how infants learn and remember.
Topic: Infant memory

(p. 130) The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development produce a(n)
A. IQ score.
B. report of mental, motor, and behavioral development.
C. developmental assessment that correlates with adult abilities.
D. measure of reflex development.

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.3: Discuss infant assessment measures and the prediction of intelligence.
Topic: Testing infants and toddlers

(p. 130) Which of the following is NOT one of the Bayley III test scales of infant and toddler development?
A. Alertness
B. Motor
C. Mental
D. Behavior rating

(p. 130) Which of the following children would be MOST likely to be assessed with the Bayley III Scales of Infant and Toddler Development?
A. A newborn who suffered anoxia during delivery
B. A 4 1/2-year-old who shows high intelligence
C. A 2-year-old who has not yet spoken any words
D. A 3-year-old who developed language at an early age

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.3: Discuss infant assessment measures and the prediction of intelligence.
Topic: Testing infants and toddlers

(p. 130) Developmental test scores obtained during infancy are
A. very reliable and should be administered to all infants when they visit their pediatrician.
B. strong predictors of adult IQ.
C. good predictors of childhood IQ.
D. useful to detect early sensory and neurological deficits.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.3: Discuss infant assessment measures and the prediction of intelligence.
Topic: Testing infants and toddlers

(p. 130) Developmental tests measure mostly sensory and motor abilities, whereas intelligence tests used for older children also measure __________ abilities.
A. behavioral
B. emotional
C. verbal
D. arousal

(p. 130) According to your text, what is the most effective use of developmental tests such as the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development?
A. To identify gifted children before they enter school
B. To provide kindergartens with additional academic information
C. To identify potential neurological deficits or emotional disturbances
D. To better predict which children will become popular or unpopular

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.3: Discuss infant assessment measures and the prediction of intelligence.
Topic: Testing infants and toddlers

(p. 130) Based on research using HOME assessments, parental responsiveness at six months of age is reported to be positively correlated with all of the following EXCEPT
A. IQ.
B. achievement test scores.
C. classroom behavior.
D. child popularity.

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.3: Discuss infant assessment measures and the prediction of intelligence.
Topic: Assessing the impact of the early home environment

(p. 131) Project Care and the Abcedarian project are both programs designed to provide
A. early intervention for at-risk children.
B. gifted children with enrichment opportunities.
C. special needs children with the technology they need to compete in the classroom.
D. affluent children with opportunities to learn abroad.

(p. 131) Which of the following is NOT a concern of the HOME items assessment?
A. It may be less culturally relevant in non-Western homes.
B. It is correlational data and may not have a direct effect on intelligence.
C. There may be a genetic influence at work in the highly rated homes.
D. Examiners may bias the results by the way they ask the questions.

(p. 131) HOME is an instrument for evaluating the impact of a child’s home environment for
A. socioeconomic status.
B. emotional health.
C. intellectual development.
D. future career success.

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.3: Discuss infant assessment measures and the prediction of intelligence.
Topic: Assessing the impact of the early home environment

(p. 131) HOME examiners rate parents on all of the following EXCEPT
A. expressions of affection.
B. number of books in the home.
C. parents’ involvement in children’s play.
D. feeding methods.

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.3: Discuss infant assessment measures and the prediction of intelligence.
Topic: Assessing the impact of the early home environment

(p. 131) HOME scores demonstrated that all of the following were positively related to high intelligence in children EXCEPT
A. mothers’ ability to create an environment that fostered learning.
B. responsiveness of parents to children.
C. access to stimulating play materials.
D. number of children in the family.

(p. 131) A systematic process of providing therapeutic and educational services to families that need help in meeting young children’s developmental needs is called
A. natural child-rearing.
B. infant support.
C. early intervention.
D. developmental priming.

(p. 132) The Piagetian approach focuses on
A. qualitative changes in cognition.
B. quantitative differences in intelligence.
C. establishing norms for intelligence tests.
D. the relationship of brain development to speed and function.

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.4: Summarize and evaluate Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
Topic: Piagetian Approach: The sensorimotor stage

(p. 132) The first stage in Piaget’s cognitive theory is
A. sensorimotor.
B. preoperational.
C. concrete operational.
D. formal operational.

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.4: Summarize and evaluate Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
Topic: Piagetian Approach: The sensorimotor stage

(p. 133) Piaget called organized patterns of behavior
A. operations.
B. schemes.
C. gestalts.
D. circular reactions.

(p. 133) Which of the following defines Piaget’s concept of circular reactions?
A. They are primitive reflexes in infants.
B. Circular reactions set up continuous cycles of waking and sleeping.
C. They are processes that an infant reproduces after discovering them by chance.
D. Circular reactions are another form of habituation.

(p. 133) Which of the following do infants NOT do during the first month of life, according to Piaget?
A. Behave reflexively
B. Begin to initiate activity
C. Develop primary circular reactions
D. Make acquired adaptations with mental representations

(p. 133) Marla finds that rubbing her face against the satin edge of her blanket feels good. She learns to repeat this action to get a pleasurable sensation. According to Piaget, she has acquired a(n)
A. adaptation.
B. circular reaction.
C. unconditioned response.
D. symbolic representation.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.4: Summarize and evaluate Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
Topic: Substages of the sensorimotor stage

(p. 133) Cody is 3 months old and has been given a pacifier to suck on for the first time. Since he finds sucking on the pacifier to be pleasurable, Cody repeats this activity whenever possible. According to Piaget, Cody is in the __________ substage of the sensorimotor period.
A. first
B. second
C. third
D. tertiary

(p. 133) According to Piaget, infants who repeat actions in order to get results beyond the infant’s own body are engaging in
A. primary circular reactions.
B. secondary circular reactions.
C. deferred imitation.
D. sensorimotor conditioning.

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.4: Summarize and evaluate Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
Topic: Substages of the sensorimotor stage

(p. 133) Erica, who is 10 months old, is trying to solve the problem of obtaining a toy on a high shelf. According to Piaget, if she has reached the fourth substage of the sensorimotor stage, which of the following is most likely to occur?
A. She will quickly lose interest in the problem and forget the toy.
B. She will choose a strategy to attempt to get the toy and persist with that strategy even if it fails repeatedly.
C. She will become frustrated and simply cry until she falls asleep.
D. She will attempt a strategy that was successful in obtaining a book on a high shelf in the past.

(p. 133) Tertiary circular reactions involve
A. doing three things at once.
B. varying an action to see what will happen.
C. repeating a behavior at least three times.
D. manipulating symbols, including words.

(p. 133) A child hits a drum with different kinds of objects in order to make different sounds. According to Piaget, this child is exhibiting
A. a variability scheme.
B. classical conditioning.
C. a tertiary circular reaction.
D. object permanence.

(p. 133) When Piaget’s daughter, Lucienne, figured out how to remove a watch chain from a box by widening the opening, and opened and closed her mouth to signify this, she had reached what substage?
A. Substage 2—primary circular
B. Substage 4—coordination of secondary schemes
C. Substage 5—tertiary circular
D. Substage 6—mental combinations

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.4: Summarize and evaluate Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
Topic: Substages of the sensorimotor stage

(p. 133) At 21 months of age, Pierre has acquired a symbolic thinking system. Which substage of the sensorimotor stage is he in?
A. Substage 3—secondary circular
B. Substage 4—coordination of secondary schemes
C. Substage 5—tertiary circular
D. Substage 6—mental combinations

(p. 134) Sensorimotor Substage 6 is noted for the acquisition of
A. adaptations.
B. causality.
C. symbols.
D. schemes.

(p. 135) Jake has developed the ability to put his actions into memory. This ability is called
A. permanence.
B. representational ability.
C. maturity.
D. imitation.

(p. 136) Meredith watches her mother pour water out of a glass into the sink. The next day, at the beach, Meredith pours water from a cup into a pail. Meredith is engaging in
A. invisible imitation.
B. visible imitation.
C. deferred imitation.
D. conservation.

(p. 136) Diane loves to play peek-a-boo. Peek-a-boo is played in many diverse cultures using similar routines. Which of the following is NOT an important purpose of the game?
A. It helps babies master anxiety when their mothers are not around.
B. The game helps babies develop object permanence.
C. It creates anxiety that makes babies stronger.
D. It provides a social skill—the ability to take turns.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.4: Summarize and evaluate Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
Topic: Do imitative abilities develop earlier than Piaget thought?

(p. 136) According to research cited in the text, children become capable of deferred imitation
A. at an older age than Piaget suggested.
B. at a much younger age than Piaget suggested.
C. at the age Piaget suggested.
D. minutes after birth.

(p. 136) According to some research, a newborn who smiles at a smiling adult is engaging in
A. invisible imitation.
B. visible imitation.
C. deferred imitation.
D. circular reaction.

(p. 136) According to research, infants can imitate behaviors they see as early as
A. 12 hours after birth.
B. three days after birth.
C. a week after birth.
D. a month after birth

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.4: Summarize and evaluate Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
Topic: Do imitative abilities develop earlier than Piaget thought?

(p. 137) The ability to mentally represent and remember objects and events is
A. object permanence.
B. representational ability.
C. developed early in infancy.
D. not developed until Piaget’s concrete operations stage.

(p. 137) The realization that a person or object continues to exist even when out of sight is called
A. representational ability.
B. primary circular reaction.
C. coordination of secondary schemes.
D. object permanence.

(p. 137) Lenny searches for a toy that he saw his mother hide, first behind her back and then under a pillow. Lenny has acquired
A. object permanence.
B. sharp vision.
C. persistence.
D. symbolic thought.

(p. 137) According to Piaget, pictorial competence is an aspect of
A. symbolic development.
B. intuitive thought.
C. concrete operations.
D. formal operations.

(p. 138) Helena watches as her baby brother tries to get his jumbo teddy bear into one of his miniature race cars. Her brother’s actions are indicative of
A. a lack of conservation skills.
B. a scale error.
C. superior inductive reasoning.
D. the presence of centration.

(p. 138) The dual representation hypothesis is used in an attempt to explain why children
A. make scale errors.
B. make poor judgments regarding peers.
C. make inferences about caregivers that are often wrong.
D. have difficulty forming attachments to both a mother and a father.

(p. 139) Which of the following describes the correct status of Piaget’s theory?
A. It has continued to be accepted with modifications.
B. Later research has revealed this theory to be deeply flawed.
C. Piaget’s theory has stimulated little research.
D. Piaget’s theory was influential only in the early 1950s.

(p. 139) Infants and toddlers seem to be __________ cognitively competent and to show signs of conceptual thought earlier than Piaget thought.
A. less
B. more
C. far more
D. far less

(p. 139) An important function of habituation seems to be
A. to increase attention to repetitive stimuli.
B. the conservation of energy.
C. to prevent important stimuli from overstimulating a baby.
D. to increase the rate of sucking responses.

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.5: Explain how infants process information and begin to understand the characteristics of the physical world.
Topic: Habituation

(p. 139) A baby stops sucking to listen to a tone. Later, after the tone has been repeated frequently, the infant ignores it. This is an example of
A. operant conditioning.
B. classical conditioning.
C. habituation.
D. dishabituation.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.5: Explain how infants process information and begin to understand the characteristics of the physical world.
Topic: Habituation

(p. 139) A baby, who has been given 100 presentations of a high-pitched tone, no longer reacts to the sound by stopping the sucking response. When a low-pitched tone is presented, the baby does stop sucking. This cessation of sucking caused by the new tone is called
A. dishabituation.
B. disinhibition.
C. habituation.
D. a conditioned response.

(p. 139) An infant who slows or stops sucking when a novel stimulus is presented is exhibiting
A. habituation.
B. dishabituation.
C. that he/she is full.
D. None of these

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.5: Explain how infants process information and begin to understand the characteristics of the physical world.
Topic: Habituation

(p. 139) Infant Godfrey had been staring at a picture of a face, but having grown tired of that, he resumed sucking on his pacifier. Soon after, a new picture was presented and he stopped his sucking altogether. Researchers would say that Godfrey is exhibiting
A. habituation.
B. dishabituation.
C. attention-deficit disorder.
D. extraordinary perceptual skills.

(p. 140) Visual recognition in infancy is often measured
A. using habituation.
B. by asking infants what they recognize.
C. by asking the infant’s mother what the infant recognizes.
D. with Piaget’s conservation tasks.

(p. 140) Habituation studies provide information on all of the following EXCEPT
A. intelligence.
B. preference for complexity.
C. sophisticated play.
D. strength of sucking reflex.

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.5: Explain how infants process information and begin to understand the characteristics of the physical world.
Topic: Habituation

(p. 140) Babies who habituate rapidly are
A. highly distractible.
B. likely to be more intelligent.
C. stronger in nonverbal than verbal abilities.
D. perceptually differentiated.

(p. 140) In an experiment, an infant hears a particular sound. The next day, the infant is less likely to respond to that sound than is another infant who has never heard it before. The results of this experiment suggest that infants possess the capacity for
A. cross-modal transference.
B. tertiary circular reactions.
C. representational ability.
D. habituation.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.5: Explain how infants process information and begin to understand the characteristics of the physical world.
Topic: Habituation

(p. 140) The amount of time a baby spends looking at different sights is a measure of visual preference that is based on the ability to
A. make visual distinctions.
B. have vision loss.
C. visually habituate.
D. have visual distortions.

(p. 140) Research on visual-recognition memory demonstrates that very young infants
A. pay more attention to familiar patterns than to new ones.
B. pay more attention to new patterns than to familiar ones.
C. cannot discriminate new patterns from familiar patterns.
D. show no consistency in the attention they give to new and familiar patterns.

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.5: Explain how infants process information and begin to understand the characteristics of the physical world.
Topic: Visual and auditory perceptual and processing abilities

(p. 140) The length of time an infant spends looking at a circular pattern, as compared with a square pattern, is an indicator of
A. habituation.
B. visual-recognition memory.
C. visual preference.
D. attention recovery.

(p. 140) Lukas was shown two toys at the same time, one of which he had seen before. He looked for a short time at the one he had seen before and then turned to look at the other. This quick shift in attention shows that Lucas has good
A. habituation.
B. visual-recognition memory.
C. cross-modal transfer.
D. attention recovery.

(p. 140) Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the textbook as one of the indicators of an infant’s ability to process information?
A. Habituation/dishabituation
B. Visual preference
C. Cross-modal transfer
D. Auditory preferences

(p. 140) A child is asked to reach into a box while blindfolded and hold a small rubber duck. Later, the child is shown several pictures of different toys, including the duck, and asked to choose the one that was handled earlier. If the duck picture is chosen, this would suggest that the child is capable of
A. polymodal attention.
B. habituation.
C. cross-model transference.
D. novelty avoidance.

(p. 141) Researchers study infants’ information processing by considering all of the following EXCEPT
A. visual preferences.
B. habituation time.
C. cross-modal transference.
D. language development.

(p. 141) Which cognitive characteristic in infants seems to be generally associated with high intelligence in middle childhood?
A. Low polymodal attention levels
B. The ability to devote more attention to familiar stimuli
C. Early appearance of the sensorimotor stage
D. Rapid processing of perceptual information

(p. 141) Michelle is shown a new mobile, and the amount of time she spends studying it is measured. This is a technique of which approach to intellectual development?
A. Behaviorist
B. Information processing
C. Piagetian
D. Psychometric

(p. 146) Some researchers propose that infants may be born with or acquire very early reasoning abilities that help them make sense of the information they encounter. These abilities are called
A. innate learning mechanisms.
B. at-birth learning abilities.
C. preprogrammed learning skills.
D. information-processing abilities.

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.5: Explain how infants process information and begin to understand the characteristics of the physical world.
Topic: Evaluating information processing research on infants

(p. 143) __________ is the principle “that allows people to predict and control their world.”
A. Innate learning
B. Violation of expectations
C. Causality
D. Information-processing ability

(p. 144) According to research, what seems to be a key ingredient in understanding causality for infants?
A. Highly intellectual parents
B. Self-locomotion
C. Presence of older siblings
D. A nurturing environment

(p. 144) According to your text, which infant is likely to understand that a ball must be thrown to move?
A. Infant Dolly, who can roll over
B. Infant Sammie, who can hold his head up
C. Infant Darlene, who can crawl
D. Infant Celeste, who smiles when her mom walks in

(p. 144) During violation-of-expectations experiments, when an infant registers surprise at an “impossible” event, this suggests that the infant has developed
A. superior visual recognition memory.
B. object permanence.
C. conservation of volume.
D. a sense of egocentrism.

(p. 146) The study of the brain structures that govern thinking and memory is called
A. assessment of brain stimulus.
B. cognitive neuroscience.
C. mental stimulus evaluation.
D. neurological assessment.

(p. 146) Implicit memory seems to develop ________ explicit memory.
A. later than
B. earlier than
C. at about the same time as
D. None of these

(p. 146) According to some theorists, infants look longer at an “impossible” event during the violation-of-expectations experiment because they can see a difference between the two scenes. These theorists support a(n) _____ awareness explanation for infants’ reactions.
A. perceptual
B. conceptual
C. intellectual
D. reciprocal

(p. 147) After everyone orders dinner, Beth proudly announces that the check with tax should be around $60. Beth was using her
A. working memory.
B. extra-sensory perception.
C. long-term memory.
D. autobiographical memory.

(p. 147) Many aspects of cognition are believed to be under the control of or located in which area of the brain?
A. Cerebellum
B. Prefrontal cortex
C. Medial temporal lobe
D. Striatum

(p. 142) The concept of guided participation was inspired by the theory of the zone of proximal development, which was postulated by
A. Jean Piaget.
B. Lev Vygotsky.
C. Urie Bronfenbrenner.
D. Noam Chomsky.

(p. 148) A communication system based on words and grammar is called
A. syntax.
B. linguistics.
C. language.
D. social referencing.

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.6: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Language development

(p. 149) Babbling, cooing, and crying are known as
A. motherese.
B. prelinguistic speech.
C. linguistic speech.
D. nonsymbolic speech.

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.6: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Sequence of early language development

(p. 149) Infants first communicate their emotions by
A. crying.
B. babbling.
C. imitating sounds.
D. using words.

(p. 149) Prelinguistic speech communicates
A. ideas.
B. emotions.
C. symbols.
D. words.

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.6: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Sequence of early language development

(p. 149) At about 3 months of age, infants
A. “try out” sounds from all human languages.
B. accidentally produce sounds that match the ones they hear.
C. babble strings of consonants.
D. deliberately imitate sounds with linguistic meaning.

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.6: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Sequence of early language development

(p. 149) A baby who says “da-da-da-da” is
A. babbling.
B. using telegraphic speech.
C. using a holophrase.
D. using a language acquisition device.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.6: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Sequence of early language development

(p. 149) Steven is 8 months old and has begun to produce repetitive strings of vowel and consonant sounds, such as “pa-pa-pa-pa.” According to the text, this stage of prespeech language development is called
A. cooing.
B. babbling.
C. intonation expression.
D. protolanguage.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.6: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Sequence of early language development

(p. 149) Rachel hears her father say “ouch!” when he accidentally hits his hand with a hammer. For the next several hours, Rachel deliberately tries to imitate the sound of the word ouch. According to the text, approximately how old is Rachel?
A. At least 24 to 28 months old
B. At least 16 to17 months old
C. At least 9 to10 months old
D. At least 4 to 6 months old

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.6: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Sequence of early language development

(p. 149) According to research cited in the text, when do babies become able to distinguish different speech sounds, such as their mother speaking two languages?
A. Before birth
B. 3 weeks after birth
C. 6 weeks after birth
D. 12 weeks after birth

(p. 149) The basic sounds of an infant’s native language are called
A. graphemes.
B. phonemes.
C. phonetics.
D. morphemes.

(p. 150) Symbolic gestures, such as blowing to mean hot, or sniffing to mean flower, emerge _________ babies say their first words.
A. before
B. about the same time
C. after
D. when

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.6: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Sequence of early language development

(p. 150) Ten-month-old Nathan has just been told goodbye by his grandparents who are now leaving in their car. Nathan waves bye-bye to them with his left arm. Nathan’s attempt to communicate with his grandparents is called a
A. conventional social gesture.
B. representational gesture.
C. symbolic gesture.
D. telegraphic gesture.

(p. 150) Which of the following is NOT a type of prelinguistic speech?
A. Crying
B. Cooing
C. Babbling
D. Gestures

(p. 150) A child’s first word appears at about what age?
A. 4 to 6 months
B. 7 to 9 months
C. 10 to 14 months
D. 16 to 18 months

(p. 150) Nearly 40 phonemes of a child’s native language can be recognized by age
A. 5.
B. 2.
C. 1.
D. 6 months.

(p. 150) Nonsense words like “jgob” violate which aspect of language?
A. Phonological rules
B. Grammar
C. Pragmatics
D. Syntax

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.6: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Sequence of early language development

(p. 151) Jackie says “milk,” meaning “I want some milk.” When his mother pours it, he says “milk,” meaning “This is milk.” After taking a sip, he pushes his cup toward his mother and says “milk,” meaning “Do you want my milk?” In each case, “milk” is an example of
A. a monophrase.
B. a holophrase.
C. a synonym.
D. motherese.

(p. 152) The process by which a toddler demonstrates rapid vocabulary development is called
A. vocabulary development.
B. a naming explosion.
C. the naming process.
D. word multiplication.

(p. 152) Juan’s vocabulary suddenly jumps from 50 words to 400 words. He is probably at least how old?
A. 11 months
B. 16 months
C. 30 months
D. 3 ½ years

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.6: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Sequence of early language development

(p. 152) Most children speak in two-word sentences by about what age?
A. 8 months
B. 10 months
C. 14 months
D. 24 months

(p. 152) An example of telegraphic speech is
A. “Cookie.”
B. “Want cookie.”
C. “I want a cookie.”
D. “I want a chocolate chip cookie.”

(p. 152) Mindy, who is 24 months old, is beginning to speak sentences with articles and prepositions. She is developing
A. holophrases.
B. syntax.
C. overextensive speech.
D. telegraphic speech.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.6: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Sequence of early language development

(p. 152) Characteristics of early speech include all of the following EXCEPT
A. simplification.
B. overextension.
C. understanding grammar without being able to express it.
D. use of motherese.

(p. 152) The phrase “Market went the to I” violates what aspect of language?
A. Phonological rules
B. Morphology
C. Syntax
D. Telegraphic

(p. 153) Olivia calls all four-legged, furry animals “Kitty” because she has a four-legged, furry cat. Olivia is exhibiting
A. overregularizing.
B. overextending.
C. underextending.
D. use of holophrases.

(p. 153) June announces that she “drinked all the milk.” June is exhibiting
A. overregularizing.
B. overextending.
C. underextending.
D. use of holophrases.

(p. 153) A child who calls a dog a “bow-wow” and also calls a cat a “bow-wow” is
A. overextending.
B. overregularizing.
C. underextending.
D. using syntax.

(p. 153) Fran says, “Yesterday, I sitted on the floor.” This is an example of __________ grammatical rules.
A. underextending
B. overextending
C. overregularizing
D. paraphrasing

(p. 153) According to which of the following theories is language acquired by imitation and reinforcement of specific sounds?
A. Piagetian theory
B. Psychometric theory
C. Nativism theory
D. Learning theory

(p. 153) Learning theory implies that
A. newborns should be able to distinguish between sounds.
B. children acquire language the same way they learn to walk.
C. children will learn language more rapidly with praise and attention.
D. children learn language by classical conditioning.

(p. 153) The proponent of learning theory who maintained that language development is based on experience is
A. Ivan Pavlov.
B. B. F. Skinner.
C. Noam Chomsky.
D. John Watson.

(p. 153) According to which of the following theories do humans have an innate capacity to acquire language?
A. Behaviorism
B. Operant conditioning
C. Nativism
D. Learning theory

(p. 154) According to Noam Chomsky, a language acquisition device is
A. a perceptual mechanism that allows reinforcement to strengthen commonly used words in a language.
B. a mechanism that enables the brain to infer linguistic rules from the language it hears.
C. an inborn mechanism that helps children to understand the meanings of words.
D. something that helps a child learn to read.

(p. 154) Chomsky’s proposal that humans possess a language acquisition device is MOST consistent with a(n) __________ view of language acquisition.
A. learning theory
B. nativist
C. empiricist
D. prelinguistic

(p. 154) Nativists would cite all of the following evidence to support their view EXCEPT
A. the human brain is larger on the left side than on the right.
B. children learn their own language in an age-related sequence without formal teaching.
C. children vary widely in grammatical skills and fluency.
D. deaf children make up their own sign language without models.

(p. 154) The activity of stringing together meaningless motions and repeating them over and over, a process performed by deaf children, is called
A. hand babbling.
B. hand cooing.
C. motherese.
D. asymmetric acoustics.

(p. 154) With regard to language development, most developmentalists currently favor
A. nativism.
B. learning theory.
C. a combination of nativism and learning theory.
D. rejection of both nativism and learning theory.

(p. 155) The organization of linguistic processes in the brain may depend heavily on __________ during maturation.
A. genetics
B. experience
C. nutrition
D. lateralization

(p. 155) An important predictor of a baby’s language comprehension is the mother’s
A. relationship with the baby.
B. verbal sensitivity.
C. emotional stability.
D. social sensitivity.

(p. 156) The amount and quality of verbal interaction between parents and children seems to be affected by the
A. socioeconomic status of the family.
B. IQ level of parents.
C. psychological identity and personality of parents.
D. age of parents.

(p. 156) Infants __________ simplified speech, or child-directed speech.
A. avoid
B. prefer
C. don’t like
D. are delayed in speech development with

(p. 156) The use of parentese, or child-directed speech, includes which of the following?
A. Use of short words and simple sentences
B. Low-pitched speech
C. Rapid speech
D. None of these

(p. 156) Which of the following is NOT associated with child-centered speech?
A. Motherese
B. Parentese
C. Baby talk
D. Babbling

(p. 157) The best way for babies to learn speech is from
A. television.
B. recordings.
C. practice in overextension.
D. communication with a person.

(p. 157) When she reads to him, Louis’s mother focuses on what is going on in every picture and tries to engage him to do so also. She uses the ______ style.
A. describer
B. performance-oriented
C. comprehender
D. linguistic

(p. 157) Reading orally to a child affects all of the following EXCEPT
A. how well children speak.
B. how well children read.
C. how well a child will do in school.
D. how soon children speak.

(p. 157) When Martin and his dad sit down to read at the end of the day, Martin’s dad encourages him to think deeply about the story, and to make predictions and inferences. Martin’s dad uses the ______ style.
A. describer
B. performance-oriented
C. comprehender
D. linguistic

(p. 157) Toni’s Grandpa Sully was a schoolteacher for 40 years. When they sit down to read, Toni’s grandpa first introduces the main themes, then reads the story all the way through, and finally ends by asking questions. Her grandpa uses the ______ style.
A. describer
B. performance-oriented
C. comprehender
D. linguistic

LearnSmart Questions

(p. 130) Tests that compare a baby’s performance on a series of tasks with norms established by a large group of test-takers are called
A. developmental tasks.
B. tests of heredity.
C. biochemical tests.
D. tests of deferred imitation.

(p. 136) Andrew is an 18-month-old boy. His mother has been cleaning the house. Andrew watches her vacuum, wash the windows, and sweep the kitchen floor. The next day his mother watches as Andrew takes his toy vacuum and pretends to vacuum the floor. What cognitive technique is Andrew demonstrating?
A. Habituation
B. Explicit memory
C. Deferred imitation
D. Repetitive modeling

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how infants learn and remember.
Topic: Sensorimotor stage

(p. 147) As Cynthia is reading her textbook and trying to learn the material, she will be relying MOST heavily on her
A. working memory.
B. echoic memory.
C. iconic memory.
D. sensory memory.

(p. 149) What term describes the sound infants begin to make at 2 to 4 months?
A. Gesturing
B. Babbling
C. Crying
D. Cooing

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.6: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Prelinguistic speech

(p. 149) What is the term for the gurgling sounds that infants make in the back of their throats?
A. Mumbling
B. Babbling
C. Cooing
D. Crying

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.6: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Prelinguistic speech

(p. 149) What is the term for the production of strings of consonant-vowel combinations?
A. Gesturing
B. Cooing
C. Crying
D. Babbling

APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.6: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Prelinguistic speech

(p. 151) MacKenzie is an 18-month-old girl. Her family has a white poodle for a pet, and MacKenzie has learned that the poodle is a puppy. She refuses to call any other dog “puppy.” In what is MacKenzie engaging?
A. Holophrasing
B. Syntactical error
C. Underextension
D. Overextension

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.6: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Characteristics of early speech

(p. 151) Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding common first words?
A. The first words that babies utter today reflect the current culture, and change with the generations.
B. Common first words for babies are the same now as they were 50 years ago.
C. Infants’ first words are part of their receptive vocabulary.
D. Infants will not utter their first words until about 18 months of age on average.

APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.6: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: First words

(p. 152) What is the term for the tendency to apply a word to objects that are inappropriate for the word’s meaning?
A. Pragmatic error
B. Underextension
C. Syntactical error
D. Overextension

(p. 152) If a 2-year-old utters the word “up,” and it means “Please pick me up; I am tired of walking,” the child has used a(n)
A. undergeneralization.
B. two-word utterance.
C. holophrase.
D. symbolic gesture.

APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.6: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: First words

Short Answer Questions

(p. 127) List the six approaches to studying cognitive development. Choose one to define and describe its strengths and weaknesses in explaining cognitive development.

APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.1: Identify six approaches to the study of cognitive development.
Topic: Studying cognitive development: Six approaches

(p. 127) Illustrate the differences in classical and operant conditioning on infants’ cognitive development.

APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.1: Identify six approaches to the study of cognitive development.
Topic: Classical and operant conditioning

(p. 130) Using the HOME assessment as a base, describe how a person could teach parents to become better at improving their child’s cognitive development?

APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.3: Discuss infant assessment measures and the prediction of intelligence.
Topic: Assessing the impact of the early home environment

(p. 132) List the six stages of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage and choose one to define and give an example of.

APA LO: 1.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 5.4: Summarize and evaluate Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
Topic: Substages of the sensorimotor stage

(p. 136) Describe the types of imitation presented in your text and provide one example of each.

APA LO: 1.2
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 5.4: Summarize and evaluate Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
Topic: Do imitative abilities develop earlier than Piaget thought?

(p. 139) Demonstrate how habituation and dishabituation are used to study infant cognitive abilities.

APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.5: Explain how infants process information and begin to understand the characteristics of the physical world.
Topic: Habituation

(p. 142) Evaluate the research on the effects of watching television on toddlers.

APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Evaluate
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.5: Explain how infants process information and begin to understand the characteristics of the physical world.
Topic: Do infants and toddlers watch too much television?

(p. 146) Define and provide examples of implicit and explicit memory.

(p. 148) Analyze characteristics of early speech and common mistakes that children make.

APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Analyze
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.6: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Characteristics of early speech

(p. 153) Compare and contrast the learning theory and the nativist theory of language acquisition.

APA LO: 1.3
Bloom’s Taxonomy: Analyze
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 5.6: Describe the development of language in infancy.
Topic: Classic theories of language acquisition: The nature-nurture debate

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