Juvenile Justice Robert Taylor 5e - Test Bank

Juvenile Justice Robert Taylor 5e – Test Bank

 

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Juvenile Justice, 5e (Taylor)

Chapter 5   Social Structure, Social Process, and Social Reaction Theories

 

1) Which of the following is a factor that influences delinquency?

1. A) family relationships
2. B) association with delinquent peers
3. C) lack of opportunity
4. D) All of the answers are correct.
5. E) None of the answers are correct.

 

Answer:  D

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2) Which of the following theories seeks to explain delinquency based on where it occurs?

1. A) labeling theory
2. B) age-graded theory
3. C) learning theory
4. D) ecological theory
5. E) conflict theory

 

Answer:  D

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3) Which of the following statements is true of life course theories?

1. A) They are concerned with the role that the government plays in creating an environment conducive to crime.
2. B) They focus on the development of criminal careers and the different influences on individuals as they age.
3. C) They emphasize that juveniles who are labeled delinquent or criminal will eventually commit secondary delinquent acts to live up to the label.
4. D) They state that the reaction to delinquency is what causes it in the future and emphasize that system processing brings about continued delinquency.
5. E) They examine the role that societal institutions, including the juvenile justice system, play in perpetuating delinquent behavior.

 

Answer:  B

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4) ________ examine the role that societal institutions, including the juvenile justice system, play in perpetuating delinquent behavior.

1. A) Social reaction theories
2. B) Life course theories
3. C) Social process theories
4. D) Social structure theories
5. E) Social detachment theories

 

Answer:  A

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5) ________ focus on the relationship between socialization and delinquency.

1. A) Social reaction theories
2. B) Life course theories
3. C) Social process theories
4. D) Social structure theories
5. E) Social detachment theories

 

Answer:  C

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6) ________ see delinquency as a result of a lack of opportunity.

1. A) Differential association theorists
2. B) Mobility theorists
3. C) Frustration theorists
4. D) Adaptation theorists
5. E) Strain theorists

 

Answer:  E

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7) ________ developed five modes of adaptation.

1. A) Shaw and McKay
2. B) Merton
3. C) Agnew
4. D) Cloward and Ohlin
5. E) Cohen

 

Answer:  B

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8) In the context of Robert Merton’s strain theory, which of the following is true about conformists?

1. A) They accept the goal of economic success but reject the institutionalized means to obtain it.
2. B) They frequently escape into drug addiction and are highly likely to commit crimes to support their drug use.
3. C) They accept the cultural goal of economic success and accept the institutionalized means to obtain success.
4. D) They invent new means to obtain economic success other than education and employment.
5. E) They respond to strain by lowering their aspirations for financial success, but they still accept the means to obtain it.

 

Answer:  C

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9) ________ sought to explain why juvenile crime rates were so high in areas of a city characterized by urban decay.

1. A) Shaw and McKay
2. B) Merton
3. C) Agnew
4. D) Cloward and Ohlin
5. E) Cohen

 

Answer:  A

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10) ________ believed that individuals from the lower class had different values, norms, and beliefs than those held by the middle class.

1. A) Shaw and McKay
2. B) Merton
3. C) Agnew
4. D) Cloward and Ohlin
5. E) Cohen

 

Answer:  E

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11) ________ focused on serious delinquency committed by urban, male gang members.

1. A) Shaw and McKay
2. B) Merton
3. C) Agnew
4. D) Cloward and Ohlin
5. E) Cohen

 

Answer:  D

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12) Which of the following is an example of subculture theory?

1. A) Cohen’s delinquency and frustration theory
2. B) Cloward and Ohlin’s differential opportunity theory
3. C) Miller’s lower-class focal concerns theory
4. D) All of the answers are correct.
5. E) None of the answers are correct.

 

Answer:  D

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13) According to ________, three distinct types of gangs might form in neighborhoods, which are criminal gangs, conflict gangs, and retreatist gangs.

1. A) Cloward and Ohlin
2. B) Sutherland
3. C) Akers
4. D) Miller
5. E) Sykes and Matza

 

Answer:  A

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14) ________ asserted that delinquent behavior is a function of learning and not a function of either the ability to obtain economic success or living in a socially disorganized area of a city.

1. A) Cloward and Ohlin
2. B) Sutherland
3. C) Akers
4. D) Miller
5. E) Sykes and Matza

 

Answer:  B

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15) ________ thought that most delinquents hold conventional values, norms, and beliefs and must learn to neutralize the values before committing delinquent acts.

1. A) Cloward and Ohlin
2. B) Sutherland
3. C) Akers
4. D) Miller
5. E) Sykes and Matza

 

Answer:  E

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16) ________ identified six focal concerns that describe six values of a lower-class subculture.

1. A) Cloward and Ohlin
2. B) Sutherland
3. C) Akers
4. D) Miller
5. E) Sykes and Matza

 

Answer:  D

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17) In the context of Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin’s differential opportunity theory, which of the following is true about conflict gangs?

1. A) They are known as retreatist gangs because their members are unable to become successful.
2. B) They have access to illegitimate opportunity structures to obtain their goals.
3. C) They mostly commit crime that is individualistic and unorganized.
4. D) They exist in neighborhoods that are highly organized.
5. E) They have adult criminal role models who tutor young offenders.

 

Answer:  C

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18) In the context of social control theories, Walter Reckless believed that ________.

1. A) inner containments such as tolerance of frustration lead to delinquent behavior
2. B) both internal and external forces operate when juveniles make decisions to avoid or commit delinquent acts
3. C) inner containments such as internalized moral codes are always absent prior to the commission of delinquent acts
4. D) a weak self-image insulates juveniles from delinquency
5. E) outer containments are more effective at inhibiting delinquent activity than are inner containments

 

Answer:  B

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19) Which of the following theories was developed by Terence Thornberry and suggests that the fundamental cause of delinquency is weakened social bonds to society?

1. A) age-graded theory
2. B) conflict theory
3. C) interactional theory
4. D) labeling theory
5. E) subculture theory

 

Answer:  C

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20) In the context of conflict theory, John Hagan proposed that ________.

1. A) the tendency to commit crime is found in the level of self-control exercised by an individual
2. B) juveniles who are labeled delinquent eventually commit secondary delinquent acts to live up to the label
3. C) the reaction of society to delinquent behavior leads to continuation of the behavior
4. D) delinquency occurs because of inner pressures and pulls
5. E) delinquency must be explained in terms of power relationships

 

Answer:  E

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21) According to Merton, which of the following modes of adaptation involves acceptance of the cultural goal of economic success and rejection of the institutionalized means to obtain it?

1. A) ritualism
2. B) innovation
3. C) retreatism
4. D) rebellion
5. E) None of the answers are correct.

 

Answer:  B

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22) According to Merton, which of the following modes of adaptation involves rejection of both the cultural goal of economic success and any institutionalized means to obtain it?

1. A) ritualism
2. B) innovation
3. C) retreatism
4. D) rebellion
5. E) None of the answers are correct.

 

Answer:  C

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23) According to Merton, which of the following modes of adaptation involves rejection of the cultural goal of economic success and acceptance of the institutionalized means to obtain it?

1. A) ritualism
2. B) innovation
3. C) retreatism
4. D) rebellion
5. E) None of the answers are correct.

 

Answer:  A

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24) According to Colvin and Pauly, the factor that began the process of delinquency was a lack of power in the workplace.

 

Answer:  TRUE

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25) Conflict theorists are concerned with the role government plays in creating an environment that is conducive to crime.

 

Answer:  TRUE

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26) Inversion is the practice of removing juveniles from the juvenile justice process and providing them with treatment services outside of the juvenile justice system.

 

Answer:  FALSE

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27) Robert Agnew’s General Strain Theory focuses exclusively on delinquency committed by members of the lower class of society.

 

Answer:  FALSE

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28) In the context of learning theories, Edwin H. Sutherland asserted that delinquent behavior is a function of either the ability to obtain economic success or living in a socially disorganized area of a city.

 

Answer:  FALSE

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29) Hirschi stated that there were four elements of a social bond, which are attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.

 

Answer:  TRUE

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30) The four techniques of neutralization are denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of victim, and condemnation of the condemners.

 

Answer:  TRUE

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31) A person is arrested for only one of every three offenses reported to the police.

 

Answer:  FALSE

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32) According to Sutherland’s differential association theory, delinquency is a learned behavior.

 

Answer:  TRUE

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33) According to Travis Hirschi, people usually do not commit delinquent acts because they fear that this behavior will damage their relationships with their parents, friends, families, teachers, and employers.

 

Answer:  TRUE

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34) Three social structure theories support the argument that socioeconomic conditions and cultural values in the lower class lead to delinquency.

 

Answer:  TRUE

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35) In the context of Edwin M. Lemert’s labeling theory, an individual who commits acts of primary deviance is not considered delinquent by his or her parents, family, friends, or the juvenile justice system because the individual’s behavior has gone undetected.

 

Answer:  TRUE

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36) Cloward and Ohlin argued that not everyone has access to an illegitimate opportunity structure.

 

Answer:  TRUE

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37) If lower-class students fail at school, they will not be able to attain their goal of middle-class status, and the inability to fulfill this goal is known as status frustration.

 

Answer:  TRUE

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38) According to Cohen, although members of the lower class have norms and values that differ from those of the middle class, lower-class families can teach their children the proper socialization techniques necessary for middle-class membership.

 

Answer:  FALSE

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39) Juveniles who are unable to cope with strain and who thus commit delinquent acts are likely to be overly sensitive, have an explosive temperament, have a low tolerance for adversity, and have poor problem-solving skills.

 

Answer:  TRUE

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40) According to Hirschi, the cultural goal of American society is economic success.

 

Answer:  FALSE

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41) Shaw and McKay identified three characteristics of interstitial areas, which are cultural heterogeneity, mobility, and poverty.

 

Answer:  TRUE

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42) Three social structure theories include ecological theory, strain theory, and subculture theory.

 

Answer:  TRUE

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43) In the context of social reaction theories, labeling theorists state that delinquent behavior is due to conflict in society that arises from an unfair distribution of wealth and power.

 

Answer:  FALSE

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44) Explain social structure theories, and name the three major social structure theories.

 

Answer:  Answers will vary.

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45) Explain the two major factors that influence delinquency.

 

Answer:  Answers will vary.

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46) What are the five different modes of adaptation that were developed by Merton?

 

Answer:  Answers will vary.

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47) In what way does the Job Corps meet the needs of disadvantaged youths?

 

Answer:  Answers will vary.

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48) How can young people of the lower class achieve middle-class membership?

 

Answer:  Answers will vary.

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49) What does it mean to have access to an illegitimate opportunity structure?

 

Answer:  Answers will vary.

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50) Describe the five techniques of neutralization.

 

Answer:  Answers will vary.

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51) Explain how life course theories are different from social learning and social control theories.

 

Answer:  Answers will vary.

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52) Name and explain the two types of social reaction theories.

 

Answer:  Answers will vary.

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53) What are the four elements of the social bond?

 

Answer:  Answers will vary.

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54) According to Merton, what is the difference between ritualism and rebellion?

 

Answer:  Answers will vary.

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55) Why was there increased delinquency in Shaw and McKay’s zone in transition?

 

Answer:  Answers will vary.

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56) Compare and contrast the three different types of delinquent gangs.

 

Answer:  Answers will vary.

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57) Compare and contrast Sutherland’s differential association theory and Akers’s differential reinforcement theory.

 

Answer:  Answers will vary.

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58) Explain the theory of differential association.

 

Answer:  Answers will vary.

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59) Explain the works of Robert Merton.

 

Answer:  Answers will vary.

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