Criminal Justice in Action The Core 6th Edition by Larry K. Gaines - Test Bank

Criminal Justice in Action The Core 6th Edition by Larry K. Gaines – Test Bank

 

Instant Download – Complete Test Bank With Answers

 

 

Sample Questions Are Posted Below

 

Chapter 5—Challenges to Effective Policing

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1. Which of the following is NOT one of the basic requirements for becoming a police officer?

a.	Being a U.S. citizen
b.	Having no felony convictions
c.	Minimum height requirements
d.	Possession of or eligibility to obtain a driver’s license in the state where the police department is located

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   p. 123            OBJ:   LO 1

 

2. Today, ____ percent of all local police departments require a degree from a two-year college.

a.	18
b.	12
c.	9
d.	4

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   p. 124            OBJ:   LO 1

 

3. The segment of a police recruit’s training that takes place on the beat is referred to in the text as:

a.	A practicum
b.	An internship
c.	Probation
d.	Field training

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   p. 125            OBJ:   LO 1

 

4. Generally speaking, the minimum age to become a police officer is ____:

a.	18
b.	20
c.	21
d.	25

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   p. 123            OBJ:   LO 1

 

5. Minority representation in American police departments has increased to roughly ____:

a.	10%
b.	16%
c.	24%
d.	53%

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   p. 125            OBJ:   LO 2

 

6. Many police departments recognize that the benefit of a diverse police department is:

a.	A decline in criminal offending
b.	Improved community relations
c.	Improved response rates
d.	Increased clearance rates

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   126                OBJ:   LO 2

 

7. Often, the ____ serves to legally discriminate against female applicants for police officer positions.

a.	Visual acuity test
b.	Physical fitness test
c.	Height standard
d.	Body mass index standard

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   p. 126            OBJ:   LO 2

 

8. What is the ultimate goal of a bureaucratic organization, such as a police department?

a.	Administration development
b.	Efficiency
c.	Low employee turnover
d.	Work satisfaction for the employee

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   p. 127            OBJ:   LO 3

 

9. As many as ____ of sworn officers, or those officers authorized to make arrests and use force, in some large police departments are patrol officers.

a.	1/4
b.	1/3
c.	1/2
d.	2/3

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   p. 129            OBJ:   LO 3

 

10. Which of the following is NOT a purpose of police patrol listed in the text?

a.	Deterrence of crime
b.	Maintenance of public order
c.	Improvement of public attitudes towards the police
d.	Provision of services that are not crime related

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   p. 130            OBJ:   LO 3

 

11. Which patrol function focuses on maintaining a presence in the community, either in a car or on foot, which allows attempts at preventing crime from occurring?

a.	Administrative duties
b.	Calls for service
c.	Officer-initiated activities
d.	Preventive patrol

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   p. 131            OBJ:   LO 3

 

12. The majority of a patrol officer’s time is spent on:

a.	Preventive patrol
b.	Calls for service
c.	Administrative duties
d.	Officer-initiated activities

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   p. 131            OBJ:   LO 3

 

 

13. Paperwork takes up to ____ of a patrol officer’s time.

a.	20%
b.	40%
c.	60%
d.	80%

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   p. 131            OBJ:   LO 3

 

14. After a crime has been committed and the patrol officer has gathered preliminary information from a crime scene, the responsibility of identifying the offender is delegated to the:

a.	Detective
b.	Internal affairs unit
c.	Patrol officer
d.	Police chief

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   p. 131            OBJ:   LO 3

 

15. The most common way for someone to become a detective is to ___________________.

a.	Attend graduate school in criminal justice
b.	Attend specialized training in the field
c.	Earn an undergraduate college degree
d.	Be promoted from patrol officer

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   p. 131            OBJ:   LO 3

 

16. After a crime has been committed and the patrol officer has gathered preliminary information from a crime scene, the responsibility of identifying the offender is delegated to the:

a.	Detective
b.	International affairs unit
c.	Patrol officer
d.	Police chief

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   p. 131            OBJ:   LO 3

 

17. What is the second main function of police, along with patrol?

a.	Administration
b.	Bureaucratic organization
c.	Internal Affairs
d.	Investigation

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   p. 131            OBJ:   LO 3

 

18. Aggressive investigation strategies include:

a.	Crackdowns
b.	Undercover operations
c.	Roadblocks
d.	Increased patrol of hot spots

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   p. 132            OBJ:   LO 4

 

 

19. A person who is involved in criminal activity and provides information about that activity and those who engage in it to the police is a(n):

a.	Confidential informant
b.	Undercover police officer
c.	Witness
d.	Vice detective

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   p. 132            OBJ:   LO 4

 

20. The term “clearance rate” refers to:

a.	The percentage of reported crimes
b.	The percentage of crimes that result in arrest and prosecution
c.	The percentage of crimes that result in a criminal conviction
d.	The percentage of stolen goods that are returned to victims of crime

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   p. 133            OBJ:   LO 4

 

21. Criminal investigations that are not cleared after a certain amount of time are referred to as __________.

a.	Closed cases
b.	Cold cases
c.	Unsolved cases
d.	Unfounded cases

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   p. 133            OBJ:   LO 4

 

22. DNA is ____ in each cell of a person’s body, and provides a “genetic blueprint” or “code” for that person.

a.	Different
b.	The opposite
c.	The same
d.	Similar

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   p. 135            OBJ:   LO 4

 

23. The establishment of a connection between a suspect and a crime, often through the use of DNA evidence, in the absence of an ongoing investigation is a(n):

a.	Proactive solve
b.	Clearance rate
c.	Random hit
d.	Cold hit

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   p. 136            OBJ:   LO 4

 

24. A database containing the DNA of more than 4.5 million people is:

a.	CODIS
b.	AFIS
c.	IBIS
d.	NCVS

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   p. 136            OBJ:   LO 4

 

25. For more than a century the most important piece of trace evidence has been ____________.

a.	DNA
b.	The human fingerprint
c.	Human hair
d.	Blood evidence

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   p. 133            OBJ:   LO 4

 

26. A reactive approach to policing that emphasizes a speedy response to calls for service is:

a.	Community policing
b.	Directed policing
c.	Problem-oriented policing
d.	Incident-driven policing

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   p. 137            OBJ:   LO 5

 

27. Time elapsed between the instant a call for service is received and the instant a police officer arrives on the scene, otherwise referred to as ____, has become a benchmark for police efficiency.

a.	Differential response
b.	Directed patrol
c.	Incident-driven policing
d.	Response time

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   p. 137            OBJ:   LO 5

 

28. In which type of patrol do officers make the rounds of a specific area with the purpose of carrying out the various patrol functions?

a.	Directed
b.	Incident-driven
c.	General
d.	Scattered

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   p. 138            OBJ:   LO 5

 

29. The Kansas City Experiment showed that decreasing preventive patrol:

a.	Had little or no impact on crime
b.	Decreased crime
c.	Increased crime
d.	Increased the number of reported offenses

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   p. 138            OBJ:   LO 5

 

30. An area that is concentrated with high criminal activity to which there is a directed police response is a:

a.	Ghetto
b.	Heavy spot
c.	Hot spot
d.	Slum

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   p. 139            OBJ:   LO 5

 

 

31. What type of technology is utilized by police departments to locate and identify hot spots?

a.	Arrest rates
b.	Crime mapping
c.	Preventive patrol
d.	Rapid response

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   p. 139            OBJ:   LO 5

 

32. The “broken windows theory” is based on the theory that by cracking down on ____ crimes, police can significantly reduce all crime in an area.

a.	Felony
b.	Property
c.	Quality-of-life
d.	Violent

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   p. 140            OBJ:   LO 5

 

33. The directed patrol of hot spots is associated with ______________________.

a.	Reactive arrests
b.	Proactive arrests
c.	Directed arrests
d.	Responsive arrests

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   p. 139            OBJ:   LO 5

 

34. A policing philosophy that moves beyond responding to incidents and attempts to solve the root causes of criminal behavior is ___________________________.

a.	Problem-oriented policing
b.	Community policing
c.	Incident-driving policing
d.	Proactive policing

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   p. 141            OBJ:   LO 5

 

35. A broad term used to describe the basic assumptions and values that permeate law enforcement agencies and are taught to new members of a law enforcement agency as the proper way to think, perceive, and act is called:

a.	Blue curtain
b.	Police cynicism
c.	Police subculture
d.	Socialization

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   p. 143            OBJ:   LO 6

 

36. Which of the following is defined as “a metaphorical term used to refer to the value placed on secrecy and the general mistrust of the outside world shared by many police officers?”

a.	Blue curtain
b.	Loyalty
c.	Police cynicism
d.	Police subculture

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   p. 144            OBJ:   LO 6

 

37. The use of force by police officers occurs in about ____ percent of all police-public encounters.

a.	9
b.	4
c.	1
d.	6

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   146                OBJ:   LO 6

 

38. In ____, the U.S. Supreme Court set the limits for the use of deadly force by law enforcement officers.

a.	Miranda v. Arizona (1963)
b.	Tennessee v. Garner (1985)
c.	Graham v. Conner (1989)
d.	Rovario v. United States (1957)

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   p. 147            OBJ:   LO 6

 

39. A ____ is when an officer actively demands payment from an individual or a business in return for certain services.

a.	Gleaning
b.	Mooching
c.	Payoff
d.	Shakedown

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   p. 149            OBJ:   LO 7

 

40. When police officers accept free gifts from citizens (a passive form of corruption), this is called:

a.	A shakedown
b.	A payoff
c.	Mooching
d.	Bribery

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   p. 149            OBJ:   LO 7

 

41. The ____ is a division within a police department that receives and investigates complaints of wrongdoing by police officers.

a.	Administrative Department
b.	Citizen Oversight Committee
c.	Ethics Department
d.	Internal Affairs Unit

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   p. 150            OBJ:   LO 7

 

42. In the first stage of moral decline of a police officer, the officer:

a.	Accepts minor gratuities
b.	May force another party to pay for unwanted police services
c.	No longer passively accepts bribes
d.	Takes in large amounts of money through involvement in drugs, gambling or prostitution organizations

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   p. 149            OBJ:   LO 7

 

43. Ethical dilemmas for police officers may include all of the following, EXCEPT:

a.	An officer not knowing the right course of action
b.	An officer seeking out payoffs to hide contraband evidence
c.	An officer having difficulty doing what they consider to be right
d.	An officer finding the wrong choice to be very tempting

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   p. 151            OBJ:   LO 8

 

44. The obligation to act in a certain manner is:

a.	Discretion
b.	Honesty
c.	Loyalty
d.	Duty

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   p. 151            OBJ:   LO 8

 

45. After arresting a dangerous suspect, an officer realizes that (s)he lacked grounds to make the initial stop. Rather than see the suspect released, the officer falsifies his/her report to make appear as though the stop was justified.  This category of ethical dilemma involves:

a.	Discretion
b.	Duty
c.	Honesty
d.	Loyalty

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   p. 152            OBJ:   LO 8

 

TRUE/FALSE

 

1. Most police agencies require new recruits to possess a four-year college degree.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   p. 124            OBJ:   LO 1

 

2. Field training takes place outside the confines of a police academy.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   p. 125            OBJ:   LO 1

 

3. Diversity in police departments leads to improved community relations.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   p. 125-126     OBJ:   LO 2

 

4. In large police departments as many as two-thirds of all employees are sworn officers.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   p. 129            OBJ:   LO 3

 

5. The vast majority of patrol shifts are completed without a single arrest.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   p. 129            OBJ:   LO 3

 

 

6. Confidential informants are generally police officers who are working undercover to infiltrate criminal organizations.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   p. 132            OBJ:   LO 4

 

7. No two individuals share the same genetic code.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   p. 135            OBJ:   LO 4

 

8. Reactive arrests are associated with general patrol activities.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   p. 139            OBJ:   LO 5

 

9. The “broken windows theory” proposes that cracking down on violent crime will allow police to reclaim neighborhoods.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   p. 140            OBJ:   LO 5

 

10. Tennessee v. Garner (1985) outlawed the use of deadly force by police officers.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   p. 147            OBJ:   LO 6

 

11. Police officers use physical force in about 25% of police-public encounters.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   p. 146            OBJ:   LO 6

 

12. A police officer who accepts free “gifts” such as cigarettes, liquor or services in return for favorable treatment of the gift giver is said be participating in mooching.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   p. 149            OBJ:   LO 7

 

13. The department that involves citizens who are not sworn officers and, by inference, are not biased in favor of law enforcement officers, to review allegations of police misconduct or brutality is known as the Internal Affairs Unit (IAU).

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   p. 150            OBJ:   LO 7

 

14. Duty is the obligation to act in a certain manner.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   p. 151            OBJ:   LO 8

 

15. Ethical dilemmas occur often in police work.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   p. 151            OBJ:   LO 8

 

 

COMPLETION

 

1. ________________ are those officers authorized to make arrests and use force.

 

ANS:  Sworn officers                                          REF: p. 129    OBJ:   LO 3

 

2. The study of firearms, including the firing of the weapon and the flight of the bullet is _______________.

 

ANS:  Ballistics                                                                           REF: p. 135    OBJ:   LO 4

 

3. Areas that contain a greater number of criminals and higher-than-average levels of victimization are often labeled _______________.

 

ANS:  Hot spots                                                                         REF: p. 139    OBJ:   LO 5

 

4. The misuse of authority by a law enforcement officer is _______________.

 

ANS:  police corruption                           REF: p. 148    OBJ:   LO 7

 

5. The obligation to act in a certain manner is __________.

 

ANS:  Duty                                                                                                    REF: p. 151    OBJ:   LO 8

 

ESSAY

 

1. Explain some of the benefits of a culturally diverse police force.

 

ANS:

 

o	The benefits of a culturally diverse police department include improved community relations and a higher level of service.

 

 

REF:   p. 125-126      OBJ:   LO 2

 

2. Describe how forensic experts use DNA fingerprinting to solve crimes.

 

ANS:

 

o	DNA provides a “genetic blueprint” or “code” for every living organism. DNA fingerprinting is useful in criminal investigations because no two people, save for identical twins, have the same genetic code. Therefore, lab technicians can compare the DNA sample of a suspect to the evidence found at the crime scene.
o	Operated by the FBI since 1998, CODIS gives local and state law enforcement agencies access to the DNA profiles of a wide variety of persons who have been convicted of murder and sexual assault. This can provide police with what is referred to as a “cold hit.”

 

 

REF:   p. 135-136      OBJ:   LO 4

 

 

3. How does community policing differ from the professional model of policing?

 

ANS:

 

o	In community policing, the following is achieved:
	·	Professionalism is still valued.
	·	Decentralization occurs and provides for less bureaucracy.
	·	Recognition of crime control is only one function of law enforcement.
	·	Value is placed on a more intimate relationship between police and citizens.
	·	Main strategies include reconnecting with the community and problem solving.
o	In the professional model of policing, the following is achieved:
	·	A separation of policing from politics occurs.
	·	A reduced emphasis on social-service function of police exists.
	·	Limits are placed on police discretion.
	·	Organizations are centralized and bureaucratic.
	·	Main strategies include rapid response and preventive patrol.

 

 

REF:   p. 140-141      OBJ:   LO 5

 

4. Identify and discuss the three traditional forms of police corruption.

 

ANS:

 

o	One of the three forms is bribery, in which the police officer accepts money or other forms of payment in exchange for “favors,” which may include allowing a certain criminal activity to continue or misplacing a key piece of evidence before a trial. Related to bribery are payoffs, in which an officer demands payment from an individual or a business in return for certain services.
o	Shakedowns, another form of police corruption, occur when an officer attempts to coerce money or goods from a citizen or criminal.
o	Mooching is a type of corruption in which the police officer accepts free “gifts” such as cigarettes, liquor, or services in return for favorable treatment of the gift giver.

 

 

REF:   p. 149             OBJ:   LO 7

 

5. Explain what an ethical dilemma is and name four categories of ethical dilemmas typically faced by police officers.

 

ANS:

 

o	Criminologists Joycelyn M. Pollock and Ronald F. Becker define an ethical dilemma as a situation in which law enforcement officers:
	·	Do not know the right course of action;
	·	Have difficulty doing what they consider to be right; and/or
	·	Find the wrong choice very tempting.
o	There are four categories of ethical dilemmas:
o	·  Discretion. The law provides rigid guidelines for how police officers must act and how they cannot act, but it does not offer guidelines for how officers should act in many circumstances.
o	·  Duty. The concept of discretion is linked with duty, or the obligation to act in a certain manner.
o     o	·  Honesty. Of course, honesty is a critical attribute for an ethical police officer. A law enforcement agent must make hundreds of decisions in a day, and most of them require him or her to be honest in order to properly do the job. ·  Loyalty. What should a police officer do if he or she witnesses a partner using excessive force on a suspect? The choice often sets loyalty against ethics, especially if the officer does not condone the violence.

 

 

REF:   p. 151             OBJ:   LO 8